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biology - mr stonehouse > chapter 12 exam questions > Flashcards

chapter 12 exam questions Flashcards

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1
Q

antibiotic resistant bacteria is becoming an increasing problem. describe how a sulfonamide-resistant population of bacteria could develop. (4)

A
  • mutations
  • resistant bacteria survive
  • produced resistant offspring
  • happens over many generations
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2
Q

Drugs, such as antibiotics are often first discovered in the natural environment. explain why it may become increasingly difficult to discover new drugs in the future (2)

A
  • global warming/climate change
  • habitats destroyed
  • new drugs come from plants/animals/fungi
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3
Q

name the parasite that causes malaria (1)

A

plasmodium

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4
Q

name the vector for the malarial parasite (1)

A

female

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5
Q

name a human cell in which the malarial parasite reproduces (1)

A

red blood cells

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6
Q

describe the actions of B lymphocytes in the immune response (8)

A
  • humoral response (1)
  • has antigen receptor (1) specifically matched to just one (1)
  • clonal selection (1) activates specific B lymphocyte by macrophages (1)
  • clonal expansion (1) by mitosis (1) B cells differentiate (1)
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7
Q

suggest why adults who have survived malaria may lose their immunity when they leave malarial area. (2)

A
  • no repeat infections
  • no further exposure
  • limited life for memory cells
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8
Q

state 3 biological reasons why it has not been possible to produce an effective vaccine for malaria (3)

A
  • different strains of malaria
  • different antigens due to mutations
  • parasite concealed in cells
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9
Q

describe 2 ways resistance to erythromycin may arise in population S. pyogenes (4)

A
  • gene mutation, change in DNA
  • acquiring R plasmid, from same or different species
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10
Q

what is meant by the word artificial in the term active artificial immunity? (1)

A

antigens injected

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11
Q

describe how an effective vaccine can produce active immunity to a disease (4)

A
  • injection of weakened disease
  • produces antibodies and memory cells
  • activates immune response
  • memory cells remain in the body
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12
Q

state 2 reasons why measles has been more difficult to eradicate than smallpox (2)

A
  • not all/enough of the population has been vaccinated
  • people need boosters for measles
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13
Q

state how antibodies to measles come to be present in children at birth (1)

A

across the placenta

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14
Q

state the types of cell that produces antibodies (1)

A

plasma cells

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15
Q

what is the difference between vaccination and immunisation?

A

vaccination and involves injection of antigens and immunisation is the process of developing immunity

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16
Q

young mammals recieve antibodies in their mother’s milk. this is an example of which type of immunity?

A

natural passive immunity

17
Q

what best describes the type of immunity by the flu vaccination?

A

active and artificial

18
Q

which statement A to D correctly describes a process that provides artificial active immunity? (1)
A an injection of active antibodies for tetanus
B antigens for polio given in a sugar cube
C antibodies provided in milk from a breast-feeding mother
D antigens recieved on flu viruses via water droplets in the air

A

B

19
Q

autoimmune diseases are often treated with a course of antibody injection, what immunity arises from this treatment? (1)

A

passive artificial immunity

20
Q

an individual bitten by a rabid dog can be treated by an injection of human rabies antibodies, what immunity arises from this treatment? (1)

A

passive artificial immunity

21
Q

which of the following strategies is a chemical defence against pathogen infection? (1)
A callose deposits at sieve tube ends that prevent pathogen movement in phloem
B hydrolytic enzymes such as chitase found between cellss
C stomata can be closed by guard cells if pathogens are detected
D cell walls can be thickened by lignin, making cell entry very difficult for pathogens

A

B

22
Q

a person is bitten by a venomous snake, the immediate treatment is to inject them with appropriate antibodies. what immunity type is this? (1)

A

artificial passive

23
Q

identify one similarity in the way malaria is transmitted compared with the way dutch elm disease is spread (1)

A

vectors

24
Q

explain why the response to the subsequent infection is much bigger than the response to vaccination (3)

A

vaccination involves clonal selection and clonal expansion and the antigens are already present

25
Q

outline the action of opsonins (2)

A

increases likelihood of phagocytosis, they bind to the pathogen and macrophage

26
Q

what is the function of disulfide bridges (1)

A

hold light and heavy chains together

27
Q

what is meant by the term autoimmune disease? (2)

A

abnormal immune response against tissues normally found in the body - confusion between body cells and pathogens

28
Q

state why antibodies specific to nuclear proteins are not normally made (1)

A

they aren’t normally exposed to tissue fluid

29
Q

state two possible sources of such natural substances (2)

A

plants
microorganisms

30
Q

‘bacteria can evolve quickly and many are now immune to antibiotics’ explain why the students use of the work ‘immune’ was incorrect (3)

A
  • immunity involves white blood cells which bacteria don’t have
  • they should’ve said resistant
  • bacteria are unicellular so cant have an immune response
31
Q

explain why vaccinations are an example of active immunity (2)

A

because antibodies are produced by the person being vaccinated and memory cells remain inside them

32
Q

what is meant by an infectious disease? (1)

A

communicable disease spread between organisms by pathogens

33
Q

give one example of an infectious disease and one example of a non-infectious disease (2)

A

infectious - malaria
non-infectious - cancer

34
Q

state 2 ways which an individual S. tuberosum plant could respond to infection by P. infestans

A
  • production of callose
  • rapid death of tissue to reduce spread

biology - mr stonehouse (60 decks)

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