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Health Theory CHS340 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Concern about weight gain as a result of quitting smoking is an example of the construct perceived barriers.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key construct of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

a. Perceived threat
b. Perceived benefits
c. Perceived susceptibility
d. Self-efficacy
e. Socio-demographic variables

A

e. Socio-demographic variables

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3
Q

Self-efficacy describes internal or external factors that instigate action to modify a behavior.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

Self-efficacy is defined as one’s confidence in their ability to take action toward a desired behavior.

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4
Q

Self-efficacy is the self-confidence that a person has.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

Self-efficacy is defined as the confidence in one’s ability to take action.

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5
Q

What are some examples of how the Health Belief Model (HBM) is applied to primary prevention?

A

Health Belief Model (HBM) is applied in primary prevention:

  • Health coaching
  • Dietary behavior,
  • Bicycle helmet use
  • Influenza vaccination
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6
Q

One’s belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact is known as what?

A

Perceived Benefits

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7
Q

What are some examples of how the Health Belief Model (HBM) is applied in secondary prevention?

A

Health Belief Model (HBM) is applied in secondary prevention:

  • Self-examination/mammography
  • Colorectal screening
  • Medication use and osteoporosis
  • HIV testing
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8
Q

Which construct involves strategies to activate “readiness”, exposed to factors that prompt action (e.g. a television ad or a reminder from one’s physician to get a mammogram)?

A

Cues to Action

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9
Q

Which construct is known as the confidence in one’s ability to take action?

A

Self-Efficacy

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10
Q

Which construct is defined as one’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action?

A

Perceived Barriers

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11
Q

What are some limitations of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

A

a) Research to date has incorporated only selected components of the HBM, not testing the usefulness of the model as a whole.
b) It does not take into consideration other factors, e.g. environmental or economic factors.
c) It does not incorporate the influence of social norms and peer influences on people’s decisions.

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12
Q

What are the core assumptions and statements made when using the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

A
  1. A person will take a health-related action if they have a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, one will avoid a negative health condition.
  2. A person will take a health-related action if they believe a negative health condition can be avoided.
  3. A person will take a health-related action if they believe that they can successfully take a recommended health action.
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13
Q

What construct is defined as one’s opinion of chances of getting a condition?

A

Perceived Susceptibility

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14
Q

Complete this statement: It is thought that one of the most effective uses of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is to integrate it with other theories that account for ________________

A

the environmental context and suggest strategies for change.

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15
Q

What construct is described as one’s opinion of how serious a condition and its consequences are?

A

Perceived Severity

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16
Q

What are some examples of how the Health Belief Model (HBM) is applied in tertiary prevention efforts?

A

Health Belief Model (HBM) is applied in tertiary prevention as treatments that reduce the impacts of chronic conditions (i.e. dietary behavior for those living with type 2 diabetes).

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17
Q

What are the six main constructs that influence peoples decisions about whether to take action to prevent, screen for, and control illness?

A
  1. Perceived susceptibility
  2. Perceived severity
  3. Perceived benefits
  4. Perceived barriers
  5. Cue to action
  6. Self-efficacy
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18
Q

What is the central focus of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

A

Health motivation, motivate people to take action

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19
Q

What is the Health Belief Model (HBM) a good fit for addressing?

A

Problem behaviors that evoke health concerns (e.g. high risk sexual behavior and the possibility of contracting HIV)

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20
Q

Do the 6 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM) provide a useful framework for designing ______________ behavior change strategies?

a. short term
b. long-term
c. both a and b

A

c. both a and b

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a potential change strategy for perceived susceptibility?

a. Define what populations are at risk and their levels of risk
b. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation
c. Help the individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk
d. Taylor risk information based on an individuals characteristics or behaviors

A

b. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation

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22
Q

Which of the following IS an example of a potential change strategy for the concept perceived severity?

a. Help the individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk
b. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation
c. Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems
d. Specify the consequences of a condition and recommend action

A

d. Specify the consequences of a condition and recommend action

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23
Q

Which of the following IS an example of a potential change strategy for the concept perceived benefits?

a. Explain how, where, and when to take action and what the potential positive result will be
b. Help the individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk
c. Use progressive goal setting
d. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation

A

a. Explain how, where, and when to take action and what the potential positive result will be

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24
Q

Which of the following IS an example of a potential change strategy for the concept perceived barriers?

a. Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems
b. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation
c. Help the individual develop an accurate perception of his or her own risk
d. Taylor risk information based on an individuals characteristics or behaviors

A

b. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation

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25
Q

Which of the following IS an example of a potential change strategy for the concept cues to action?

a. Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems
b. Use progressive goal setting
c. Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance; correct misinformation
d. Demonstrate desired behaviors

A

a. Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a potential change strategy for the concept self-efficacy?

a. Use progressive goal setting
b. Give verbal reinforcement
c. Provide training and guidance in performing action
d. Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems
e. Demonstrate desired behaviors

A

d. Provide “how to” information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems

27
Q

According to the Health Belief Model (HBM), asymptomatic people may not follow a prescribed treatment regimen unless they accept that, though they have no symptoms, they do in fact have hypertension (perceived susceptibility). They must understand that hypertension can lead to heart attacks and strokes (perceived severity). Taking prescribed medication or following a recommended weight loss program will reduce the risks (perceived benefits) without negative side effects or excessive difficulty (perceived barriers). Print materials, reminder letters, or pill calendars might encourage people to consistently follow their doctors’ recommendations (cues to action). For those who have, in the past, had a hard time losing weight or maintaining weight loss, a behavioral contract might help establish achievable, short-term goals to build confidence (self-efficacy).

A
28
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

a. Focuses on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals
b. Central mission is to motivate people to take action
c. Describes motivation and readiness to change
d. Attempts to explain and predict health behaviors

A

c. Describes motivation and readiness to change

29
Q

What concept of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is the following an application example of?

Define population(s) at risk, risk levels; personalize risk based on a persons features or behavior; heighten perceived susceptibility if to low.

A

Perceived Susceptibility

30
Q

What concept of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is the following an application example of?

Specify consequences of the risk and the condition.

A

Perceived Severity

31
Q

What concept of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is the following an application example of?

Define action to take; how, where, when; clarify the positive effects to be expected.

A

Perceived Benefits

32
Q

What concept of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is the following an application example of?

Identify and reduce barriers through reassurance, incentives, assistance.

A

Perceived Barriers

33
Q

What concept of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is the following an application example of?

Provide “how-to” information, promote awareness, reminders.

A

Cues to Action

34
Q

What concept of the Health Belief Model (HBM) is the following an application example of?

Provide training, guidance in performing action.

A

Self-Efficacy

35
Q

Match the construct with the example:

a. Perceived Susceptibility
b. Perceived Severity
c. Perceived Benefits
d. Perceived Barriers
e. Cues to Action
f. Self-Efficacy

  1. Hearing about breast cancer in the news makes me think about getting a mammogram.
  2. Getting a mammogram is too embarrassing.
  3. Chances of getting breast cancer are high.
  4. How sure are you that you know how to arrange an appointment for a mammogram?
  5. Getting a mammogram has brought me peace of mind. A mammogram is a routine part of my check-up-exam.
  6. My marriage would be endangered if I had breast cancer.
A

a. (3) d. (2)
b. (6) e. (1)
c. (5) f. (4)

36
Q

What does the acronym SMART stand for in goal setting?

A 
Specific
Measurable
Assignable
Realistic
Time-related
37
Q

What are the 4 components that have been identified as being important in the Goal Setting process?

A
  • Recognizing the need for change
  • Setting the goal
  • Self-monitoring
  • Feedback or reward
38
Q

What Is the difference between dreams and goals?

A

DREAMS (reaching for the stars) are visions of what we want.

GOALS are our road map to making it happen; they take us from one point to the next.

39
Q

Cues to action are the precipitating forces that make a person feel the need to take action.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

40
Q

Statement A: The HBM originated from the work of a group of social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1950s.
Statement B: The HBM originated in an attempt to determine the reasons why few people were participating in tuberculosis screenings.

a. Statement A is true and statement B is false.
b. Statement A is false and statement B is true.
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false.

A

c. Both statements are true.

41
Q

Perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior is the result of individual belief in risk to a specific health issue.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

42
Q

A precipitating force that makes a person feel the need to take action in the HBM is known as:

a. a perceived benefit.
b. perceived severity.
c. a cue to action.
d. self-efficacy.

A

c. a cue to action.

Cues to actions could be a variety of “triggers” that lead to the desired action.

43
Q

A woman with a family history of alcohol abuse understands that the disease includes a genetic component and can result in serious health and social consequences. Regardless, she chooses to regularly drink alcohol. This example demonstrates all of the following EXCEPT

a. The benefits of abstaining from alcohol are greater than the barriers
b. She believes she is susceptible to the condition
c. The condition may have serious consequences
d. An action is available and may reduce risk of the condition
e. The perceived benefits to taking action are not greater than the perceived barriers

A

a. The benefits of abstaining from alcohol are greater than the barriers

44
Q

The Health Belief Model (HBM) recognizes that social and demographic factors influence the relationship between health beliefs and health behaviors. Which of the following is a limitation of the HBM related to socio-demographic variables?

a. Only select demographic variables are considered (age, sex), while others are omitted (race/ethnicity, socio-economic status)
b. The HBM does not specify how socio-demographic factors interact with the other constructs in the model
c. The HBM requires researchers to obtain complete socio-demographic information for the target population before intervention implementation
d. The model is most effective with low socio-economic status (SES) populations and less effective with high incomer populations
e. Self-efficacy, cues to action, and socio-demographic factors are not measurable constructs

A

a. Only select demographic variables are considered (age, sex), while others are omitted (race/ethnicity, socio-economic status)

45
Q

Perceived barriers refer to the belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease or harmful state resulting from a particular behavior.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

46
Q

The Health Belief Model can be used to explain change of health behaviors and/or as a guiding framework for developing interventions to change health behaviors

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

47
Q

Match Each Construct with the Definition

a. Perceived Susceptibility
b. Perceived Severity
c. Perceived Benefits
d. Perceived Barriers
e. Cues to Action
f. Self-Efficacy

1) It takes too much time to monitor my blood sugar every morning
2) My chances of having a diabetes-related complication is high.
3) Monitoring my blood sugar makes diabetes easier to live with.
4) I am sure that I can monitor my blood sugar on a daily basis.
5) It is serious to have high blood sugar.
6) Hearing about diabetes though the media reminds me to take care of myself.

A

a. (2) My chances of having a diabetes-related complication is high.
b. (5) It is serious to have high blood sugar.
c. (3) Monitoring my blood sugar makes diabetes easier to live with.
d. (1) It takes too much time to monitor my blood sugar every morning
e. (6) Hearing about diabetes though the media reminds me to take care of myself.
f. (4) I am sure that I can monitor my blood sugar on a daily basis.

48
Q

The “S” in the S.M.A.R.T. goals method of setting goals stands for:

a. Specific
b. Systematic
c. Simple
d. Safe

A

a. Specific

49
Q

Perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior is the result of individual belief in risk to a specific health issue.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

50
Q

A subjective belief that a person has with regard to acquiring a disease or harmful state as a result of indulging in a particular behavior is known as:

a. Perceived susceptibility
b. Perceived severity
c. Perceived benefits
d. Perceived threat

A

a. Perceived susceptibility

51
Q

A belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease or harmful state resulting from a particular behavior is known as:

a. perceived susceptibility
b. perceived severity
c. perceived benefits
d. perceived threat

A

c. perceived benefits

52
Q

The construct of perceived severity in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior cannot be changed unless the health issue is fatal.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

53
Q

All of the following are limitations of the health belief model, except:

a. Few studies include all components of the HBM.
b. The model lacks in consistent predictive power mainly because it focuses on a limited number of factors.
c. The model does not take social norms and the influence of peers into account.
d. Constructs of the model do not provide specific guidance at the micro level for planning the “how to” part of interventions.

A

d. Constructs of the model do not provide specific guidance at the micro level for planning the “how to” part of interventions.

Limitations to the HBM include inadequate research that includes all components of the HBM and HBM does not consider environmental economic, social norms, or peer influences.

54
Q

The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from:

a. intention to engage in the behavior as a result of beliefs.
b. the relationship between the environment, societal beliefs and the person.
c. a series of stages and processes.
d. individual beliefs and perceptions.

A

d. individual beliefs and perceptions.

55
Q

A subjective belief regarding the extent of harm that can result from the acquired disease or harmful state as a result of a particular behavior is known as:

a. perceived susceptibility.
b. perceived severity.
c. perceived benefits.
d. perceived threat.

A

b. perceived severity.

56
Q

A belief concerning the actual and imagined costs of following a new behavior is known as:

a. perceived susceptibility.
b. perceived severity.
c. perceived benefits.
d. perceived barriers.

A

d. perceived barriers.

57
Q

“I will eat more vegetables” is a SMART goal.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

58
Q

The Health Belief construct of perceived seriousness is best explained by which of the following?

a. The medical definition of the cause and effects of the illness.
b. An individual’s own opinion of the detrimental effects of a disease.
c Societal beliefs of the extent of disease seriousness.
d Subjective norms attitudes toward the extent of disability caused by the disease..

A

b. An individual’s own opinion of the detrimental effects of a disease.

59
Q

According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following demonstrates a cue to action?

a. An article in the local paper about influenza vaccination.
b. Having people in a smoking cessation program identify a quit date.
c. Asking students to choose the type of game they want to play in a physical education class.
d. Serving low sodium food at a senior center.

A

a. An article in the local paper about influenza vaccination.

60
Q

Education about serious negative consequences, such as uncontrolled diabetes causes heart disease, will modify:

a. perceived susceptibility.
b. perceived severity.
c. perceived benefits.
d. perceived barriers.

A

b. perceived severity.

61
Q

A video about youth with STDs and HIV in a program for high school students is likely to influence which construct of HBM?

a. Perceived susceptibility
b. Perceived severity
c. Cues to action
d. Self-efficacy

A

a. Perceived susceptibility

62
Q

According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

63
Q

Distributing free condoms to promote safer sex is an example of modifying which construct of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

a. Perceived susceptibility
b. Perceived severity
c. Perceived barriers
d. Self-efficacy

A

c. Perceived barriers

Health Theory CHS340 (11 decks)

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