Module 1

Question 1

Ecological models are more useful for research design than for intervention design.

a. True
b. False

Answer 1

b. False

Question 2

Which of the following is a barrier of implementing ecological model interventions?

a. Multiple levels of intervention broaden options for intervention and slow down the process of selecting appropriate interventions
b. There is little evidence that they are effective in changing health behaviors or improving health outcomes
c. They are typically more expensive and time consuming compared to single-level interventions
d. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention oppose funding ecological interventions

Answer 2

c. They are typically more expensive and time consuming compared to single-level interventions

Question 3

Which of the following statements is FALSE about ecological models?

a. They can be applied to research design and/or intervention development
b. Each level is considered a variable and there is a clear relationship between each level
c. They organize other models/theories into a coherent whole
d. Interventions are more likely to succeed when multiple levels of the ecological model are addressed

Answer 3

b. Each level is considered a variable and there is a clear relationship between each level

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a key concept of ecological models of health behavior?

a. Influences on health behaviors interact across multiple levels
b. Multiple levels of influence act on health behaviors
c. Environmental contexts are important determinants of health
d. Controlled trials are most effective to evaluate multi-level interventions

Answer 4

d. Controlled trials are most effective to evaluate multi-level interventions

Question 5

What is any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals and groups the opportunity to obtain information and learn skills needed to make healthy decisions?

Answer 5

Health Education

Question 6

What is Population Health?

Answer 6

Population health as an interdisciplinary, customizable approach that allows health departments to connect practice to policy for change to happen locally.

This approach utilizes non-traditional partnerships among different sectors of the community – public health, industry, academia, health care, local government entities, etc. – to achieve positive health outcomes.

Population health provides an opportunity for health care systems, agencies and organizations to work together in order to improve the health outcomes of the communities they serve.

Question 7

What is any combination of efforts to facilitate health education programming, community mobilization, networking, advocacy, and policy development & implementation?

Answer 7

Health Promotion

Question 8

What refers to actions taken to block the progression of a disease or injury?

a. Primary Prevention
b. Secondary Prevention
c. Tertiary Prevention

Answer 8

b. Secondary Prevention

Question 9

Where do theories come from?

Answer 9

Theories are born out of the need to solve a problem, research.

Scientists observe the world, look for patterns and data, and construct theories to help us understand phenomena.

Question 10

What is Public Health?

Answer 10

It can be defined as what “we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy” (Institute of Medicine, 1988).

It works to protect and improve the health of communities through policy recommendations, health education and outreach, and research for disease detection and injury prevention.

The 10 Essential Public Health Services
The public health system includes Public health agencies at state and local levels Healthcare providers Public safety agencies Human service and charity organizations Education and youth development organizations Recreation and arts-related organizations Economic and philanthropic organizations Environmental agencies and organizations

Question 11

____________ partner with clients seeking self-directed, lasting changes, aligned with their values, which promote health and wellness and, thereby, enhance well-being.

Answer 11

Health and Wellness Coaches

Question 12

What refers to actions taken after the onset of disease or injury with intention to assist with disability?

a. Primary Prevention
b. Secondary Prevention
c. Tertiary Prevention

Answer 12

c. Tertiary Prevention

Question 13

What refers to preventative actions taken prior to the onset of a disease or injury to prevent it altogether?

a. Primary Prevention
b. Secondary Prevention
c. Tertiary Prevention

Answer 13

a. Primary Prevention

Question 14

What do health educators, health coaches, and population health professionals do regarding health behaviors?

a. Integrate complexity
b. Facilitate behavior modification
c. Facilitate long term solutions
d. Simplify public beliefs about health behavior

Answer 14

b. Facilitate behavior modification

Question 15

What is known as the model that explains the factors at many levels of influence on health behavior?

a. Social Media Model
b. Social Security Model
c. Social Enterprise Model
d. Social Ecological Model

Answer 15

d. Social Ecological Model

Question 16

There may be a policy in the workplace that requires everyone to take a one hour mental and physical health break during work hours is an example of what level of factors that influence behavior?

Answer 16

Institutional/organizational factors

Question 17

Anything that an organism does involving action and response to a stimulation.

The key word is “action”

Answer 17

Behavior

Question 18

The person may be eating fruits and vegetables because their significant other requested it is an example of what level of factors that influence behavior?

Answer 18

Interpersonal factors

Question 19

If the vehicle parking space is 10 minutes away from the office building where a person works, then this may be the reason the person gets 10 minutes of exercise each day is an example of what level of factors that influence behavior?

Answer 19

Community factors

Question 20

A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.

Answer 20

Theory

Question 21

Laws and policies requiring motorists to wear seat belts or helmets-would make a person perform that behavior is an example of what level of factors that influence behavior?

Answer 21

Public Policy factors

Question 22

A person’s positive attitude about physical activity helps determine his/her behavior is an example of what level of factors that influence behavior?

Answer 22

Individual or intrapersonal factors

Question 23

In the first key concept of the ecological perspective, multiple levels of influence, what are the five levels of factors that behavior is influenced by?

Answer 23

Individual or intrapersonal factors

Interpersonal factors

Institutional/organizational factors

Community factors

Public policy factors

Question 24

What is the intent when the Social Ecological Model is used in health promotion?

Answer 24

The intent is to change the environment, social or physical, since changes in the environment change individual behavior.

Question 25

Are conceptual frameworks or theoretical frameworks the same as theories?

Answer 25

No. They are similar to theories but are not highly developed or have not been rigorously tested.

Question 26

What are the parts of a theory?

Answer 26

"Constructs" are the primary elements or "concepts" that have been developed or adopted for use in a particular theory. Some constructs are central to many theories. "Variables" are the operational forms of constructs. They define the way a construct is to be measured in a specific situation. Match variables to constructs when identifying what needs to be assessed during evaluation of a theory-driven program.

Question 27

What are the important constructs or "building blocks" in health theory?

Answer 27

``` Knowledge Attitudes Beliefs Skills Awareness Socioeconomic status ```

Question 28

What refers to becoming conscious about an action, idea, object, person or situation? a. Knowledge b. Attitudes c. Beliefs d. Skills e. Awareness f. Socioeconomic status

Answer 28

e. Awareness Theory is used to raise awareness in this way.

Question 29

What are one's own perception of what is true, although it may not be viewed as true by others? a. Knowledge b. Attitudes c. Beliefs d. Skills e. Awareness f. Socioeconomic status

Answer 29

c. Beliefs Theory is used to promote self-awareness.

Question 30

What refers to facts and insight a person needs for making a behavior change? a. Knowledge b. Attitudes c. Beliefs d. Skills e. Awareness f. Socioeconomic status

Answer 30

a. Knowledge We apply theory in ways research shows us will enhance knowledge.

Question 31

What encompasses education, income, and occupation, all of which influence behavior? a. Knowledge b. Attitudes c. Beliefs d. Skills e. Awareness f. Socioeconomic status

Answer 31

f. Socioeconomic status Theory may be applied toward increasing education and income.

Question 32

What refers to the series of beliefs that one holds about something or someone? a. Knowledge b. Attitudes c. Beliefs d. Skills e. Awareness f. Socioeconomic status

Answer 32

b. Attitudes We apply theory in ways research shows us will enhance knowledge.

Question 33

What is knowing what to do with knowledge or teaching someone the ability to use their knowledge? a. Knowledge b. Attitudes c. Beliefs d. Skills e. Awareness f. Socioeconomic status

Answer 33

d. Skills Theory guides us in "teach ability".

Question 34

What are 4 things that health behavior change involves?

Answer 34

Education Organizational behavior Physical and social environment Policies that support health, such as economic incentives

Question 35

Theories at the ___________level focus on factors within social systems, communities, organizations, institutions, and public policies such as rules, regulations, laws, and social norms. a. Community b. Societal c. Intrapersonal d. Interpersonal

Answer 35

a. Community

Question 36

Theories at the ___________level focus on personal factors such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, and skills. a. Community b. Societal c. Intrapersonal d. Interpersonal

Answer 36

c. Intrapersonal

Question 37

What uses a pyramid to depict levels of impact? Explain.

Answer 37

Health Impact Pyramid As you move up the pyramid from the base, there is increasing individual effort needed to make change. As you move from the tip of the pyramid to the base there is increasing impact from change on the population as a whole. - Counseling and Education (tip) - Clinical Interventions - Long-Lasting Protective Interventions - Changing the Context to Make Individuals' Default Decision Healthy - Socioeconomic Factors (base)

Question 38

_________ theory describes the reasons why a problem exists. It guides the search for factors that contribute to a problem (e.g., a lack of knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, or resources), and can be changed.

Answer 38

Explanatory Examples: Health Belief Model Theory of Planned Behavior

Question 39

_________ theory guides the development of health interventions. It spells out concepts that can be translated into program messages and strategies, and offers a basis for program evaluation. It helps program planners to be explicit about their assumptions for why a program will work.

Answer 39

Change Examples: Community and Organizational Theory

Question 40

Does choosing a theory that will bring a useful perspective to the problem at hand begin with choosing a specific theory?

Answer 40

No. Instead, it starts with a thorough assessment of the situation: the units of analysis or change, the topic, and the type of behavior to be addressed.

Question 41

What type of science does the term "ecology" come from and what does it refer to?

Answer 41

The term "ecology" comes from biological science. It refers to interrelationships between organisms and their environment.

Question 42

What does the second key concept of the ecological perspective, reciprocal causation, suggest?

Answer 42

It suggests that people both influence, and are influenced by, those around them.

Question 43

What are the characteristics of a useful theory to determine if it is a good fit?

Answer 43

A useful theory makes assumptions about a behavior, health problem, target population, or environment that are: 1) Logical 2) Consistent with every day observations 3) Similar to those used in previous successful programs 4) Supported by past research in the same area or related ideas

Question 44

What are the primary elements or "concepts" that have been developed or adopted for use in a particular theory. Some _________ are central to many theories.

Answer 44

Constructs

Question 45

What are the operational forms of constructs? What do they do?

Answer 45

Variables They define the way a construct is to be measured in a specific situation.

Question 46

While you are identifying possible causes of a health problem in the process of choosing an appropriate theory to address it, it is helpful to recall that: a. Theories, correctly chosen, will produce consistent results across all populations when the same health problem is addressed. b. Theories help to explain why some people engage in certain behaviors and others do not, relative to their health. c. Theories give clear direction as to how a problem health behavior can be changed to one that is health enhancing. d. Theories provide answers as to why the health problem exists.

Answer 46

b. Theories help to explain why some people engage in certain behaviors and others do not, relative to their health.

Question 47

Ecological model interventions have proven effective in reducing the prevalence of smoking in industrialized countries. Which of the following is NOT an example of a smoking reduction intervention and corresponding level of the ecological model? a. Smoke-free restaurants and workplaces: intrapersonal level b. Clinical smoking cessation: individual level c. Mass media campaigns: community/policy level d. Cigarette taxes: policy level e. Tobacco warning labels: policy level

Answer 47

a. Smoke-free restaurants and workplaces: intrapersonal level (Smoke-free restaurants and workplaces are not an example of an "intrapersonal level" intervention.)

Question 48

It doesn't matter which theory you use to address a health problem. a. True b. False

Answer 48

b. False

Question 49

Theories at the ___________level focus on the assumption that other people in our lives affect our health decisions and thus, our health behavior. a. Community b. Interpersonal c. Societal d. Intrapersonal

Answer 49

b. Interpersonal

Question 50

Which of the following best summarizes a theory's concept or major constructs? a. It is the foundation or building blocks underlying the theory. b. It is the operationalization of the constructs. c. It is the outcome expected from using the theory. d. It is the way in which the theory is used.

Answer 50

a. It is the foundation or building blocks underlying the theory.

Question 51

In choosing a theory, doing a scientific literature search as part of the process would be helpful because: a. Substantial time spent choosing the theory will be saved. b. It provides insight into what theories others have used in similar situations. c. It is always best to just repeat a program using the same theory as someone else has than to develop a new one. d. The correct theory for the intervention can be found.

Answer 51

b. It provides insight into what theories others have used in similar situations.

Question 52

Theories are used as the basis for public health programs or interventions because they provide: a. The basis for funding decisions b. Answers as to disease causality c. A possible explanation for health behavior d. The reason why the health problems exist

Answer 52

c. A possible explanation for health behavior

Question 53

When choosing a theory to use as the basis of an intervention it is important to remember that: a. The best theory to use is the one the professional is most familiar with. b. There is only one right theory for each problem and population. c. Any theory can be used in any situation. d. Each health problem in each population may require a different theory.

Answer 53

d. Each health problem in each population may require a different theory.

Question 54

Theories that explain behavior at the intrapersonal level would focus on factors such as: a. Attitude and beliefs b. Societal expectations and cultural norms c. Public policies and laws d. Relationships and expectations

Answer 54

a. Attitude and beliefs

Question 55

Changing the legal limit for a DUI arrest would be consistent with which theoretical level of intervention? a. Interpersonal b. Regional c. Intrapersonal d. Community

Answer 55

d. Community

Question 56

Ecological models place greater importance on policy and environmental interventions than on individual and interpersonal interventions. a. True b. False

Answer 56

b. False