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Pathophysiologyyy > Module 12: Infection & Microbiology > Flashcards

Module 12: Infection & Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Many microorganisms are nonpathogenic or pathogenic?

A

non-pathogenic - they do not usually cause disease, in fact they are usually beneficial.
Some are pathogenic “germs”; infection due to pathogenic microbes entering and multiplying in the host

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2
Q

What are Pathogen’s?

A

The disease causing microbes often referred to as germs

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3
Q

Micro organisms include?

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa

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4
Q

Bacteria is classified as what?

A

Prokaryotes,

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5
Q

What is culture and sensitivity?

A

A culture is a process of growing a micro organism in a lab so it can be identified
Sensitivity – involves testing various antimicrobial medications on the organism that has been cultured, and identifying which ones will kill or inhibit growth of the microorganism

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6
Q

Describe antibiotic

A

A type of anti-microbial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections

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7
Q

Describe bacteria

A

Unicellular organisms that do not require living tissue to survive

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8
Q

What is a virus?

A

A very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires a living host cell for replication

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9
Q

What are the three major groups of bacteria based on cellular shape?

A

Bacilli (rod), spirals, cocci (spherical)

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10
Q

What are four factors affecting bacterial growth?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, pH, temperature

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11
Q

Bacteria duplicates by?

A

Binary fission (two daughter cells identical to the parent bacterium)

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12
Q

What is the function of the outer rigid cell wall of bacteria?

A

Protects the microbe and provides a specific shape

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13
Q

A bacterium has one of two types of cell walls, gram–positive or Gram–negative, which differ in their chemical composition. What is this classification useful for?

A

For selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy

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14
Q

Penicillin acts on gram- positive or negative?

A

Gram-positive

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15
Q

Some bacteria secrete toxic substances, toxins, and enzymes. Toxins consist of two types, exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are usually produced by gram-________ bacteria and diffuse through body fluids. They often interfere with ___________

A

Gram-positive, interfere with nerve conduction

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16
Q

Exotoxin stimulate what?

A

antibody or antitoxin production, which after being processed to reduce the toxic affect, can be used as toxoid to induce an immune response

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17
Q

Endotoxins are present in the cell wall of gram-______and are released after the bacterium dies. They may cause what? And could affect what system?

A

Negative

- fever and general weakness; Could affect circulatory system

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18
Q

Enzymes are produced by some bacteria and damage what?

A

Post tissues or cells

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19
Q

Viruses are difficult to control – one type of virus exist in many similar forms or strains and they tend to mutate during replication (ex. Cold or influenza viruses). Some viruses can alter host cell chromosome which can lead to the development of what disease?

A

Cancer

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20
Q

Chlamydia is related to bacteria and leads to common STD that causes what?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in woman

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21
Q

Rickettsia is transmitted by insects (ticks, lice), they are gram-_______ bacteria, And attack what?

A

Gram-negative,

Attack blood vessel walls (rash, small hemorrhage); can cause typhus fever

22
Q

Mycoplasmas Are the smallest cellular microbes, what do they lack which makes them unaffected by many anti-microbial drugs? Mycoplasmal infection is a common cause of?

A

Lack cell walls

Common cause of pneumonia

23
Q

Where is fungi found?

A

Everywhere – common contaminants found on surfaces and in food, but also frequently considered beneficial (production of foods, source of antibiotics)

24
Q

Fungal or mycotic infection results from single-celled _______ or multicellular _______. These organisms are classified as?

A

Single-cellular: yeast, multicellular: mold

Eukaryotic

25
Q

Protozoa are eukaryotic or more complex organisms. They are unicellular, motile, and lack a cell wall. The pathogen‘s are usually parasites. What are 3 diseases caused by a protozoan infection?

A

Trichomoniasis, malaria, amebic dysentery

26
Q

Trichomoniasis Causes what?

A

STI of the reproductive tracts of men and women, causing inflammation

27
Q

Malaria is caused by microbes found where?

A

RBCs. Acute illness when these RBCs rupture to release new microbes and toxins; transmitted by specific type of mosquito

28
Q

Amebic dysentery Is a severe form of? How is it spread?

A

Diarrhea, and liver abscesses if portal circulation is penetrated; spread by the fecal–oral route (improper handwashing)

29
Q

Helminths or worms are not microorganisms, but are often included with microbes because they are parasites and cause infection in humans worldwide. How is one affected by helminths? What type of effects do they have?

A

May enter through the skin, transmitted by infected insects, or ingested in contaminated food or water.
Systemic effects, such as severe anemia, can develop with a large number of worms in the body

30
Q

Prions are protein-like agents. How are they transmitted? What kind of disease do they cause? Give example of human prion and animal prion

A

By consumption of contaminated tissues (muscle) or the use of contaminated donor tissues.
Causes degenerative disease of the CNS
Human prion infection - CJD, animal prion infection - mad cow disease

31
Q

*Some areas of the body lack resident flora or are sterile under normal circumstances. What are some examples?

A

Lungs, bladder, Kidney, uterus/fallopian tubes/ovary, blood/CSF

32
Q

*Where is resident flora present?

A

Skin, nose, pharynx, mouth, colon, rectum, vagina, distal urethra and perineum

33
Q

*What is an endemic infection?

A

Refers to a disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

34
Q

*A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time is referred to as?

A

Epidemics

35
Q

*What is a pandemic infection?

A

A disease becomes pandemic when it spreads beyond a region to infect large numbers of people worldwide

36
Q

*What are nosocomial infections?

A

Infections that occur in healthcare facilities, including hospitals, nursing homes, doctors offices, and dental offices

37
Q

An infection/disease occurring in single individuals is referred to as?

A

Sporadic

38
Q

What infection is resistant to penicillin like antibiotics?

A

MRSA - Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection

39
Q

*Standard/universal precautions for infection control are used when?

A

In all settings with everybody when body fluids may be exchanged

40
Q

*Specific precautions for infection control are used when?

A

In clients with a specific infection – used in addition to standard precautions

41
Q

*What is the incubation period?

A

Time between entry of organism and appearance of clinical signs of disease

42
Q

*What is the prodromal period?

A

Early symptom stage – feel fatigue, loss of appetite, headache. “i’m coming down with something”

43
Q

*What is the acute period Of infection?

A

Infectious disease developed fully, clinical manifestations reach a peak

44
Q

Septicemia means?

A

Multiplication of pathogenic organisms in the blood, causing sepsis

45
Q

systemic infection: what is bacteremia?

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood

46
Q

Systemic infection: What is toxemia?

A

Presence of toxin in the blood

47
Q

What is viremia?

A

Presence of virus in the blood

48
Q

*Leukocytosis, or an increase in white blood cells is common in what type of infection?

A

Bacterial infection

49
Q

*Leukopenia, A reduction in the number of leukocytes in the blood is often caused by what type of infection?

A

Viral infection

50
Q

Fungi reproduce by

A

Budding, extension of hyphae, proDuction of spores

Pathophysiologyyy (18 decks)

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