Module 10: Endocrine System Flashcards
What systems regulate metabolic activities?
The endocrine and nervous system’s
What are steroids?
They are lipids and enter the cell nucleus to initiate transcription directly
What are non-steroids?
Needs a secondary messenger system to activate transcription in the nucleus
What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?
The development of a benign tumor, or adenoma
All disorders reflect…
Impaired control or impaired feedback
Excessive secretion may be treated with
Medications, surgery, radiation
Insulin is what kind of hormone?
Anabolic (building up or synthesis of complex substances from simple molecules)
Deficient insulin results in
Abnormal carbohydrate, proteins, and fat metabolism
because the transport of glucose and amino acids into cells is impaired, as well as the synthesis of protein and glycogen
In type 1 diabetes, although there is a genetic factor in the development of the disease, the insulin deficit results from…
Destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in an autoimmune reaction, resulting in an absolute deficit of insulin in the body and therefore requiring replacement therapy
Acute complications such as hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis are more likely to occur in type one or type two diabetes?
Type 1
Compare the treatment for type one and type two diabetes
Type 1 - insulin replacement
Type 2 - Diet and exercise or oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin replacement
Type two diabetes, formally referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is based on decreased effectiveness of
Insulin or a relative deficit of insulin
Decreased effectiveness/deficit of insulin may involve
Decreased pancreatic better cell production of insulin, increased resistance by body cells to insulin, increase production of glucose by the liver, or a combination of these factors
How can you manage type 2 diabetes?
- diet
- exercise
- reduce insulin resistance
- Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 1. Insulin deficit results in decreased transportation and use of
Glucose in many cells of the body
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 2. Blood glucose levels lower or rise?
Rise (hyperglycemia)
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 3. What happens in step 3?
Excess glucose spills into the urine (glucosuria)
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 4. Glucose in the urine exerts osmotic pressure in the filtrate, resulting in
A large volume of urine to be excreted (polyuria), With the loss of fluid and electrolytes from the body tissues
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 5. Fluid loss through the urine and high blood glucose levels draw water from the cells, resulting in
6. And this causes?
- Dehydration
6. Dehydration causes thirst (polydipsia)
initial stage of an insulin deficit: 7. Lack of nutrients entering the cells stimulates
Appetite (polyphagia)
Typically the three ‘Ps’ herald the onset of diabetes. What are they?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
*Which conditions are patients with diabetes a greater risk for developing?
Stroke, heart attack, peripheral vascular disease an amputation, kidney failure, and blindness
What are signs and symptoms of diabetic keto acidosis?
- Dehydration
- rapid, deep respiration – acetone breath (lethargy, decreased responsiveness)
- metabolic acidosis (May lead to loss of consciousness)
- electrolyte imbalances (abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, weakness)
Hypoparathyroidism leads to? Hyperparathyroidism leads to?
Hypoparathyroidism = Hypocalcemia Hyper” = hypercalcemia
What vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and metabolism
Vitamin D
What are the most common causes of pituitary disorders?
They lead to two groups of manifestations in the patient. What are they?
Adenomas (benign tumor)
1) The effect of the mass as it enlarges and causes pressure in the skull
2) Effect on hormone secretion — depending on cells and location involved, may cause excessive or decreased release of hormones
What is dwarfism?
Deficit and growth hormone production and release
What causes gigantism?
Excess GH prior to puberty and fusion of epiphysis
What is acromegaly?
Excess GH secretion in adults, usually by an adenoma.
- Bones become broader and heavier
- soft tissue grows — Enlarged hands and feet, change in facial features
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
A deficit of ADH
Replacement therapy for ADH is required
Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome is caused by
An excess of ADH, which causes fluid retention
How is inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome treated?
With diuretics and sodium supplements
What is Pheochromocytoma?
Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and sometimes other substances
Signs = Headache, heart palpations, sweating, intermittent or constant anxiety
What causes Cushing’s disease (adrenal cortex)? what May it result from?
Too much glucocorticoids
Excess glucocorticoids may result from:
- adrenal adenoma, pituitary adenoma, ectopic carcinoma, iatrogenic conditions, substance abuse
Deficit of corticosteroids causes Addison’s disease or Cushing’s disease?
Addison’s disease
Hypertension, glucose intolerance is a side effect of Addison’s disease or Cushing’s syndrome?
Cushing syndrome
Actual insulin making cells destroyed (beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans)(autoimmune) Is type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Type 1
Occurrence of hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis is frequent in type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 (type 2 = less common)
What electrolyte does parathyroid hormone regulate?
Calcium
How is hypoparathyroidism treated?
By supplementing calcium and vitamin D
How is hyperparathyroidism treated?
By removing the underlying cause; including:
Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands, radiation, dialysis (for renal failure)
Do thyroid hormone increase or decrease the metabolic rate of cells?
Increase
The manifestations of thyroid disfunction are due to the effect on body’s metabolic rate
How is hyperthyroidism (graves disease) treated?
How is hypothyroidism treated?
Hyper = by a course of radioactive iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, or the use of anti-thyroid drugs Hypo = mild hypothyroidism is common and easily treated by replacement doses of thyroid hormone
What part of the adrenal gland makes catecholamines (epinephrin and norepinephrine), and what part makes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens?
Adrenal medulla = Catecholamines
Cortex =
Why may a spontaneous fracture occur in persons with hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism draws calcium from the bones into the blood, resulting in fragile bones
What is pheochromocytoma? Sign and symptoms?
Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla - secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and possibly other substances (Occasionally multiple tumours)
- Headache, heart palpitations, sweating, intermittent or constant anxiety
