Module 10: Endocrine System

Question 1

What systems regulate metabolic activities?

Answer 1

The endocrine and nervous system’s

Question 2

What are steroids?

Answer 2

They are lipids and enter the cell nucleus to initiate transcription directly

Question 3

What are non-steroids?

Answer 3

Needs a secondary messenger system to activate transcription in the nucleus

Question 4

What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders?

Answer 4

The development of a benign tumor, or adenoma

Question 5

All disorders reflect…

Answer 5

Impaired control or impaired feedback

Question 6

Excessive secretion may be treated with

Answer 6

Medications, surgery, radiation

Question 7

Insulin is what kind of hormone?

Answer 7

Anabolic (building up or synthesis of complex substances from simple molecules)

Question 8

Deficient insulin results in

Answer 8

Abnormal carbohydrate, proteins, and fat metabolism
because the transport of glucose and amino acids into cells is impaired, as well as the synthesis of protein and glycogen

Question 9

In type 1 diabetes, although there is a genetic factor in the development of the disease, the insulin deficit results from…

Answer 9

Destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in an autoimmune reaction, resulting in an absolute deficit of insulin in the body and therefore requiring replacement therapy

Question 10

Acute complications such as hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis are more likely to occur in type one or type two diabetes?

Answer 10

Type 1

Question 11

Compare the treatment for type one and type two diabetes

Answer 11

Type 1 - insulin replacement

Type 2 - Diet and exercise or oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin replacement

Question 12

Type two diabetes, formally referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is based on decreased effectiveness of

Answer 12

Insulin or a relative deficit of insulin

Question 13

Decreased effectiveness/deficit of insulin may involve

Answer 13

Decreased pancreatic better cell production of insulin, increased resistance by body cells to insulin, increase production of glucose by the liver, or a combination of these factors

Question 14

How can you manage type 2 diabetes?

Answer 14

• diet
• exercise
• reduce insulin resistance
• Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin

Question 15

initial stage of an insulin deficit: 1. Insulin deficit results in decreased transportation and use of

Answer 15

Glucose in many cells of the body

Question 16

initial stage of an insulin deficit: 2. Blood glucose levels lower or rise?

Answer 16

Rise (hyperglycemia)

Question 17

initial stage of an insulin deficit: 3. What happens in step 3?

Answer 17

Excess glucose spills into the urine (glucosuria)

Question 18

initial stage of an insulin deficit: 4. Glucose in the urine exerts osmotic pressure in the filtrate, resulting in

Answer 18

A large volume of urine to be excreted (polyuria), With the loss of fluid and electrolytes from the body tissues

Question 19

initial stage of an insulin deficit: 5. Fluid loss through the urine and high blood glucose levels draw water from the cells, resulting in
6. And this causes?

Answer 19

5. Dehydration

6. Dehydration causes thirst (polydipsia)

Question 20

initial stage of an insulin deficit: 7. Lack of nutrients entering the cells stimulates

Answer 20

Appetite (polyphagia)

Question 21

Typically the three ‘Ps’ herald the onset of diabetes. What are they?

Answer 21

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

Question 22

*Which conditions are patients with diabetes a greater risk for developing?

Answer 22

Stroke, heart attack, peripheral vascular disease an amputation, kidney failure, and blindness

Question 23

What are signs and symptoms of diabetic keto acidosis?

Answer 23

• Dehydration
• rapid, deep respiration – acetone breath (lethargy, decreased responsiveness)
• metabolic acidosis (May lead to loss of consciousness)
• electrolyte imbalances (abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, weakness)

Question 24

Hypoparathyroidism leads to? Hyperparathyroidism leads to?

Answer 24

Hypoparathyroidism = Hypocalcemia
Hyper” = hypercalcemia

Question 25

What vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and metabolism

Answer 25

Vitamin D

Question 26

What are the most common causes of pituitary disorders?

They lead to two groups of manifestations in the patient. What are they?

Answer 26

Adenomas (benign tumor)

1) The effect of the mass as it enlarges and causes pressure in the skull
2) Effect on hormone secretion — depending on cells and location involved, may cause excessive or decreased release of hormones

Question 27

What is dwarfism?

Answer 27

Deficit and growth hormone production and release

Question 28

What causes gigantism?

Answer 28

Excess GH prior to puberty and fusion of epiphysis

Question 29

What is acromegaly?

Answer 29

Excess GH secretion in adults, usually by an adenoma.

• Bones become broader and heavier
• soft tissue grows — Enlarged hands and feet, change in facial features

Question 30

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

Answer 30

A deficit of ADH

Replacement therapy for ADH is required

Question 31

Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome is caused by

Answer 31

An excess of ADH, which causes fluid retention

Question 32

How is inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome treated?

Answer 32

With diuretics and sodium supplements

Question 33

What is Pheochromocytoma?

Answer 33

Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and sometimes other substances
Signs = Headache, heart palpations, sweating, intermittent or constant anxiety

Question 34

What causes Cushing’s disease (adrenal cortex)? what May it result from?

Answer 34

Too much glucocorticoids
Excess glucocorticoids may result from:
- adrenal adenoma, pituitary adenoma, ectopic carcinoma, iatrogenic conditions, substance abuse

Question 35

Deficit of corticosteroids causes Addison’s disease or Cushing’s disease?

Answer 35

Addison’s disease

Question 36

Hypertension, glucose intolerance is a side effect of Addison’s disease or Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 36

Cushing syndrome

Question 37

Actual insulin making cells destroyed (beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans)(autoimmune) Is type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

Answer 37

Type 1

Question 38

Occurrence of hypoglycaemia or ketoacidosis is frequent in type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

Answer 38

Type 1 (type 2 = less common)

Question 39

What electrolyte does parathyroid hormone regulate?

Answer 39

Calcium

Question 40

How is hypoparathyroidism treated?

Answer 40

By supplementing calcium and vitamin D

Question 41

How is hyperparathyroidism treated?

Answer 41

By removing the underlying cause; including:

Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands, radiation, dialysis (for renal failure)

Question 42

Do thyroid hormone increase or decrease the metabolic rate of cells?

Answer 42

Increase

The manifestations of thyroid disfunction are due to the effect on body’s metabolic rate

Question 43

How is hyperthyroidism (graves disease) treated?

How is hypothyroidism treated?

Answer 43

Hyper = by a course of radioactive iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid gland, or the use of anti-thyroid drugs
Hypo = mild hypothyroidism is common and easily treated by replacement doses of thyroid hormone

Question 44

What part of the adrenal gland makes catecholamines (epinephrin and norepinephrine), and what part makes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens?

Answer 44

Adrenal medulla = Catecholamines

Cortex =

Question 45

Why may a spontaneous fracture occur in persons with hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 45

Hyperparathyroidism draws calcium from the bones into the blood, resulting in fragile bones

Question 46

What is pheochromocytoma? Sign and symptoms?

Answer 46

Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla - secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and possibly other substances (Occasionally multiple tumours)
- Headache, heart palpitations, sweating, intermittent or constant anxiety