Module 1 version 2 Flashcards
What are the sub disciplines of motor behaviour?
motor control, motor learning and motor development
define motor control
motor control: the process by which the neuromuscular system plans and executes movements, often with the input of sensory stimuli
define motor learning
motor learning: the process by which practice and experience result in a relatively permanent change in behaviour
What subdiscipline of motor behaviour cannot be directly observed, only inferred?
motor learning
how are motor development and motor learning different?
Because motor development examines how motor behaviour changes over time with age. (also can development be observed, in contrary to learning?)
define motor development
motor development: examines changes in motor behaviour over time with age, often looking at different major stages
Motor behaviour is a result of what constraints?
- person
- task
- environment
What is meant by the person constraint
shape, height, reach, weight, motivation, personality
What is meant by task consequence
type of race, swim stroke, competition, rules, instructions
what is meant by environment constraint
temperature, weather, size of competition area, rules, instructors, audience
Why do we study motor behaviour?
it allows us to learn, relearn and promote skill performance more efficiently. It also helps us understand why people act the way they do, and predict how they prevent errors
what are some ways we observe or study motor behaviour?
cameras, 3D motion tracking, eye tracking
What are the different methods of measuring muscle and brain activity
EMG(electromyography), EEG (electroencephalography), fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
what is EMG
EMG: electromyography. Uses surface electrodes to read muscle activity. NOT brain activity
What is EEG
EEG: electroencephalography. Uses surface electrical recordings of the brain, good for temporal resolution but not spatial.
Why is EEG good/bad with temporal resolution?
Because it only captures information at the cortical surfaces, therefore it is spatially limited because it cannot access certain brain regions
What is fMRI
fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging. Measures blood flow to look at brain function. Its images are formed by magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses. Good for spatial resolution, not temporal. also expensive
Which brain activity measure would we use for good spatial resolution?
fMRI
which brain activity measure would we use if we want good temporal resolution?
EEG
what kind of signals do fMRI measure?
BOLD = Blood oxygen level dependent
what is a mobile EEG?
what is TMS
TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation. It is a tool to probe brain processes and function using magnetic pulses to depolarize/hyperpolarize parts of the brain.
How does TMS work?
magnetic pulses depolarize (excite+contract) or hyper-polarize (inhibit + relax) parts of the brain to see if they are involved in movement
How would we classify and measure movement skills in sports?
identify the skills involved, and how you might measure! In basketball, we can look at the skill of dribbling, jumping, accuracy, speed when running across the court, etc.
why do we care about defining and categorizing skills?
because it affects what/how we measure, how to give instructions, and theories of motor behaviour
define a skill (general)
a skill is an action that is goal oriented, voluntary, requires limb movements, and is a result of practice
define skill as an action/task
skill (action/task): a goal directed task or action
define skill as an indicator of ability
skill (ability): the ability to bring about some predetermined result with max certainty, and minimum outlay of energy/time
what are the requirements of a skill as an indicator of ability?
- predetermined result
- max certainty
- minimum outlay of energy/time
how do we classify skills?
- size of primary musculature required (gross vs fine)
- nature of movement (discrete vs serial vs continuous)
- predictability of environment (open vs closed)
define fine vs gross motor skills
fine motor skill: type of motor skill that requires control of small muscles for precise movement.
gross motor skill: type of motor skill that requires control of large muscles for big movements (not precise)
define discrete vs serial vs continuous
discrete: brief, well-define beginning and end
serial: discrete skill strung together to form a complex action. order is important for success
continuous: repetitive/rhythmic skill with an arbitrary beginning and end.
order is important for success in what type of motor skill?
serial!
define open vs closed motor skills
closed: type of motor skill in a stable, predictable environment. self paced and the object does not change
open: type of motor skill in an unpredictable environment. externally paced and the object is in motion
What type of sport is normally open?
team sports/competitive sports where you are directly effected by your opponent
why is it helpful to think of motor skills as a continuum?
because they all require a different amount of large and small muscles. It is never truly zero.
What terms do we use to describe a low skill or highly skilled athlete?
low skill = novice
high skill = expert
What are the characteristics of proficiency
Speed and accuracy
What are the major intervals of time when measuring movement?
reaction time, movement time and total response time
What is reaction time (RT)
the interval between presentation of an UNANTICIPATED stimulus and the beginning of response. it measures processing time
what are the events within the response time
foreperiod, stimulus to go, RT until start of movement
what is the fore-period? What time interval does it involve
fore-period: the period between the warning stimulus to get ready and the stimulus
What method of measuring muscle activity can be used to break up reaction/response time?
EMG! It will show us the exact start point of movement
What two components do we measure when trying to find the movement start point?
pre motor RT and motor RT
Why is it important for reaction/response time to be unanticipated?
because the RT represents “pure” cognitive processing. If we anticipate the stimulus, there is previous processing that makes it not pure.
What is movement time?
movement time: the interval reflecting movement, with a start and end.
What is total response time?
It is the interval of time summing both RT and MT.
What stages occur within TRT
foreperiod, RT, MT, and response time
what is the difference between response time and reaction time
Response time represents the foreperiod, before the go stimulus. reaction time represents the interval between the go stimulus and start of movement
Why do we use EMG to study reaction, response or movement time?
…
EMG allows for purer ___
measure of processing time
How can we measure performance accuracy?
error measures/scores!
What does each error score tell us about performance?
accuracy, bias and consistency!
Define absolute error
absolute error: how far a person was from the goal or target
Of absolute or constant error, which is always positive?
absolute
What is mean AE?
Mean AE = mean absolute error: the mean error score for an individual across a series of trials
in how many dimensions is absolute error calculated?
one! either x or y
What is the formula for absolute error?
absolute error = sum Ixi-TI
What is the formula for mean absolute error?
mean absolute error = sum Ixi-TI / n
define constant error
constant error: a person’s directional bias
what is mean CE?
mean CE = mean constant error: the average deviation/bias
How many dimensions is constant error calculated in?
one! either x or y
what is the formula for mean CE?
mean constant error = sum (xi-T) / n
what is the formula for CE?
constant error = sum (xi-T)
With a CE score of 0, what does it tell us about their performance?
says nothing about consistency, but does show us that they have no directional bias
what is variable error?
variable error: a person’s consistency
What term do we use for the spread of scores around your average? What term do we use for the spread of errors around your average error?
score spread around average score = M?
error spread around average error = CE?
How many dimensions is VE calculated in?
one! either x or y
What else has the same formula as VE?
Standard deviation
What is the formula for VE?
variable error = square root (sum of (xi-M)^2/n)
Is it easier to correct inconsistency or directional bias?
What measure do we look at to measure someone’s accuracy?
idk
what measure do we look at to measure someone’s consistency?
idk
what is radial error?
radial error: the radial distance from the target
What measures of error/scores are always positive?
absolute error and radial error
what is the formula for mean RE
Mean radial error = square root (x^2+y^2)???
what is continuous task performance measure?
look into this more indicated how accurately and consistently we maintain our position in a zone
define kinematics
kinematics: observed when something shows change over time, and not just in the end result?
What is EG?
electrogoniometer! it is a type of measurement that measures different joint angles
What are the types of kinematic measures?
displacement, velocity and acceleration
define displacement
displacement: change in spatial position in one or more dimensions over time
define velocity
velocity: the rate of change of displacement over time
in smooth movements, when does peak velocity occur? (like on a graph)
often it occurs halfway through movement, where acceleration is 0
define acceleration
acceleration: the change in velocity over time
what are secondary accelerations?
they are the corrections following deceleration. larger accelerations are indicative of larger corrections
Can CE and AE be equal even if their directions are different?
Yes! As long as they are of the same magnitude
Draw the graph for peak velocity, and then compare it with the equivalent graphs for displacement and acceleration
