Lec 1-3 v2 Flashcards
what are the sub-disciplines in the field of motor behaviour
- motor control
- motor learning
- motor development
define motor control
motor control: the regulation of the neuromuscular system to carry out movements
define motor learning
motor learning: observed behaviour that is a function of practice and experience
learning cannot be __ only __
directly observed; inferred
what cannot be directly observed, only inferred?
motor learning
define motor behaviour
motor behaviour: the study of how people learn, control and develop skills
what constraints are involved in motor behaviour
- person/individual
- task
- environment
what is observable?
behaviour
list some examples of person constraints
shape, height, reach, weight, motivation, personality
list some task constraints
type of race, stroke, competition, rules, instructions, coaches
list some environment constraints
temperature, size of area/area, audience, weather
why do we study motor behaviour
- helps to instruct and organize practice for best performance
- helps to understand why people act and predict actions to prevent error (injuries)
how do we study motor behaviour? what methods do we use?
video, 3D motion tracking, or eye tracking
what is EMG
EMG: electromyography: a measure of electrical signals of muscle
What is EEG
electroencephalography: surface electrical recordings of the brain
what is the term for surface electrical recordings of the brain
EEG
what are the advantages of EEG
good temporal resolution
what are the disadvantages of EEG
poor spatial resolution, as it only captures activity at the cortical surface
What measure of brain activity has poor spatial resolution but good temporal resolution
EEG
What is fMRI
fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging: a measure of blood flow for brain activity, formed by magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses that measure BOLD signals
what does BOLD mean
blood oxygen level dependent (during activity)what
what are the advantages to fMRI
high spatial resolution for deep resolution in the brain
what are the disadvantages of fMRI
not good temporal resolution and its expensive
what measure of brain activity is the most expensive
fMRI
what measure of brain activity has high spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution
fMRI
what is TMS
TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation: a tool to probe brain processes and function by generating a pulsed magnetic field, depolarizing and hyperpolarizing neurons
motor behaviour is a product of what
3 interacting constraints: person, task, environment
if we wanted to measure brain activity and have good spatial resolution what measurement tool would be best
fMRI
under what conditions might we want to use TMS to study motor behaviour?
I’d think if there is some neurological dysfunction, to test what portions of the brain do not illicit a response
why do we care about defining and categorizing skills?
the type of skill impacts
1. what and how we measure it
2. how we give instructions
3. theories of motor control and learning
define a skill as an action/task
skill (task/action): a goal directed task or action
define a skill as an indicator of ability
skill (ability): the ability to bring about some predetermined end result with max certainty and minimum outlay of energy/time
what are the criteria of a motor skill
- goal oriented
- voluntary
- body and or limb movement required
- result of practice
would walking with crutches be considered a motor skill?
yes
what are the types of motor skill classification system
- gross vs fine
- discrete vs serial vs continuous
- open vs closed
define fine motor skill
fine motor skill: a motor skill that requires greater control of small muscles, for precise movements
define gross motor skill
gross motor skill: a motor skill that requires greater control of large muscles, for more powerful movements
why do we consider a lot of the motor skill classification types as a spectrum?
because tasks require a variance in contributions of the tasks
what should we ask ourselves to classify motor skills?
- could the action be performed whilst the large musculature was constrained?
- is the action ongoing or well defined with a start and end
- is the environment predictable?
what is a discrete skill
discrete skill: brief, well defined skill with a beginning and end
what is a serial skill
serial skill: discrete skills strung together, that form a more complex action order is important for success
what is a continuous skill
continuous skill: a repetitive skill, arbitrary beginning and end. often rhythmic
what kind of a skill is a bunch of discrete skills strung together
serial skill
what kind of a skill is often rhythmic in nature
continuous
what kind of a skill has a clear beginning and end
discrete skill
How do we describe the predictability of a skill
closed motor skill vs open motor skill
what is a closed motor skill
closed motor skill: stable, predictable environment where the object does not change and it is self paced
what is an open motor skill
open motor skill: unpredictable environment, object is in motion during performance and is externally paced, where the performer responds to the environment
how can we change baseball into a closed motor skill
turn it to T ball
what is an example of a skill of each kind of environment predictability
closed = archery
semi = slack lining
open = wrestling
how do we define skill in terms of how good somebody is at something
low skill = novice
highly skilled = expert
what are some characteristics of proficiency
max speed and accuracy
How do we measure movement (not tools, what do we measure)
- reaction time
- movement time
- total response time
define reaction time
reaction time: the interval between presentation of an unanticipated stimulus and the beginning of a response
define movement time
movement time: the interval of time between reflecting movement, from initiation to end
what measure of movement represents transport limb time
movement time
why do we have to use an unanticipated stimulus for testing RT?
because we get a purer measurement of RT - if we have an anticipated stimulus, we bypass response selection to get a faster RT, though it is not accurate to a measurement of CNS processing
is the go gun usually the only signal given in a sprint race
no, we also receive stimuli from the other runners
which measure of movement will give us the most insight into the time to process information
reaction time?
what is the foreperiod
foreperiod: the time interval between warning stimulus and go stimulus
what is the interval of RT between?
go stimulus and start point
what is the MT interval between
start point of movement and end point of movement
what are the four key features of response time measurement
- foreperiod: time between warning signal and go stimulus
- reaction time: time between go and movement start
- movement time: time between start and movement end
- response time: time between go stimulus and movement end
is the foreperiod involved in RT, MT or TRT?
no!!!
how we further break up RT to see a pure measure of processing
EMG
what method of measurement gives us a purest measure of RT
EMG
what is EMG
EMG: electromyography: a recording of electrical activity in muscle/groups of muscles
what do we refer to as central processing time
pre motor RT
what does pre motor RT represent
central processing time
a field goal in football would be considerd what type of skill
open, discrete, gross???
what are the measures of accuracy and error
AE, CE, VE, RE
what information do error scores provide about performance?
accuracy, bias and consistency
define absolute error
absolute error: how far a person was from the goal/target
how many dimensions is AE calculated in
just on: x or y
define constant error
constant error: a person’s directional bias
how many dimensions is CE calculated in
one
define variable error
variable error: a person’s consistency/variability, AKA the spread of scores about your own average score
how many dimenions is VE calculated in
one
define radial error
radial error: radial distance from the target
what measures of error are absolute, and which are not
AE,VE,RE not = CE
in continuous tasks where the goal is to stay within the target zone, what performance measure do we use?
root mean square error
when something shows change over time, we can get ___
kinematics (velocity, displacement, etc)
what are the main kinematic measures that give us info about a movement and performance
- displacement
- velocity
- acceleration
what are secondary accelerations
secondary accelerations: corrective sub movements
computations are what takes place between what?
input and output (stimulus and response)
what is the fundamental assumption behind information processing
processing takes time!!
- processing input, deciding how to act, and planning a complex response all slow us down
what are the 3 stages of information processing
- stimulus Id
- response selection
- response programming
how do we break down stimulus id stage into two stages
ID = detect + discriminate
what is mental chronometry
mental chronometry: a measurement of the speed with which the brain processes information through comparisons of different RT situations
how can we calculate the duration of a single stage of information processing?
subtractive method
how many stimuli and responses go with each type of RT task
- simple = 1; 1
- choice = 1+; 1+
- discrimination = 1+; 1
what are the different types of RT tasks
- simple
- choice
- discrimination
what are the stages in each type of Rt task
simple = detect, program
choice = detect, discriminate, select, program
discrimination = detect, discriminate, program
what do we have to assume for the chronometric/subtractive RT method?
we have to assume that the stages are serial and independent.
