Lec 4-7 Flashcards
A change in the rules for false starts (which are thought to be incorrect anticipations) in competitive races in 2014, meant that only one person in the race was allowed to false start (not one false start for each person). RT in this situation would increase (i.e., get slower) as compared to pre-2014.
true
are internal or external instructions more effective?
external
As the # of SR choices increase, what happens to RT?
RT increases with the number of choices
can our attention change from intentional to incidental?
yes - we can decrease our need for intentional monitoring with practice, AKA automatic (incidental) processing.
define attention
attention: a cognitive resource for mental processes, related to how we select information to process
Define bit
bit: the amount of information required to decide between two equally likely alternatives, or removes half of the uncertainty
define closed loop control
closed loop control: type of control system that is constantly controlled, changing according to sensory information
define comparator
comparator: a component of closed loop control that compares the actual output with desired output
define error signal
error signal: a component of closed loop control that signals a difference between desired output and the actual output
Define exteroception
exteroception: information sent from the environment
define memory
memory: the persistence of information that can be stored for future processing
define proprioception
proprioception: information sent within the body about our movements
Describe how delays occur in processing closely spaced stimuli
AKA double stimulation paradigm, it discusses how the first stimulus is processed, programs a response, and delays identification of the second stimulus
describe the characteristics of automatic processing
- unintentional
- fast
- not attention demanding
- parallel processing
- common in skilled performers
describe the characteristics of controlled intentional attention
- intentional
- slow
- attention demanding
- serial processing
describe the cocktail party effect
while attending to one stream of information, 33% of people can detect their own name in the unattended stream. even when were not attending, information gets through
describe the conscious closed loop control system
- requires selective attention
- consciously recalled
- not fast
- has delays
describe the reflexive closed loop system
- little conscious control
- no selective attention needed
- fast
describe the theory behind stimulus identification blocks
once information is selected for processing, other information gets blocked. intentional selective processing blocks sensory processing of other information. we see this in the gorilla video
Attention is directionally focused. what are the two directions?
internal: body focused
external: environment focused
Do novices or experts have lower attentional (internal) capacity?
novices
draw out the route for open loop system
answer on lec 7 - 15
draw out the route of closed loop system
answer of lec 7 - 17
draw out the RT cost of information processing stages when an invalid precue is given (compare it to valid precue)
answer is on lec 4 slide 26
Draw the order of information processing stages, and then how precue alters the order
answer is on lec 4 slide 24
Early attention theorists proposed that attention caused a block during the ______________ stage of information processing (which later was refined and thought of as a “leaky filter”).
stimulus identification
early theorists proposed that attention caused a block during the _____ stage of information processing, later refined as a leaky filter
stimulus identification
experts generally have more attention capacity to direct secondary tasks, but when there is a shift in attention needed, there is _______
interference
Fakes in sport take advantage of what?
limited attention capacity
for which loop control system is feedback not required? Why?
open loop - movement is planned fully in advance
give examples of open loop control
key press, jab, kick
Hick’s law states that RT increases at a constant rate every time the # of SR alternatives is….
doubled
holding and drinking from canned soda through a straw can interfere with driving. what type of interference is primarily observed in the situation above?
structural
how are the components of open and closed loop control different
open and closed both have effectors and executives, but only closed has comparator and error signals
how can we bypass the slow closed loop?
reflexes! We can bypass information processing stages through reflexes as they are fully contained within the spinal cord and do not require cognitive processing
how can we measure attention demands
secondary tasks
how do we calculate the number of SR alternatives?
using log_2(N), where N = 2^bit. SO log_2(2^bit)
if we ask 3 questions and have 8 choices in a game of guess who, the number of SR alternatives is N=2^3
how do we measure selective attention?
via interference/secondary tasks and probe RT task method
how does increased clarity affect reaction time?
increased clarity = decreased reaction time
how does increased intensity affect reaction time
increased intensity = decreased reaction time
how does reaction time change with invalid and valid precues?
with a valid precue, RT decreases. With an invalid precue, RT increases.
How does response complexity affect response programming?
i think it is mostly due to the reprocessing of stimuli, and reprocessing reactions
How does RT differ between precue method and no precue
With precue, RT will be shorter, since response selection time is shortened. Without precue, RT will increase.
How does spatial anticipation affect response selection?
advance information allows the individual to anticipate and prepare responses
What modality types of stimuli have faster RTs than others?
auditory simple RT is faster than visual simple RT
How quick does SOA have to be to exploit the PRP of their opponent?
under 300ms
is auditory simple RT or visual simple RT faster?
auditory simple RT is faster
is short term sensory store technically memory?
novices generally show interference from secondary tasks, but when they need to maintain focus, there is ____
no interference
Open loop skills share what characteristics?
mostly discrete, gross and closed
selective attention theories relate to what stages of information processing
- response selection
- stimulus identification blocks
something about SOA needing to be short enough for RT to S2
Summarize the factors that affect each stage of information processing
- stimulus Id
- clarity, temporal predictability, intensity, familiarity - response selection
- SR compatibility, spatial predictability, SR alternatives - response programming
- # of movement components, movement accuracy, movement duration
the stroop and cocktail party effect are evidence against blockage of what information processing stage
stimulus identification
try a few practice questions using the log_2(N) formula
under what conditions do we have to reprocess stimuli?
incorrect spatial anticipation, fakes?, etc.
What are S-R alternatives?
S-R alternatives: the number of choices one can make in a SR pairing
What are the main sources for exteroception?
vision, olfaction and audition
what are some activities that take up a large portion of our attention?
driving or skating
what are some examples of closed loop control system
moving a cursor, walking a beam, etc
what are some examples of externally directed focus
- focusing on task relevant effects
- focusing on the path of the ball
- associated with experts and automatic processing
what are some examples of internally directed focus?
- focusing on the swing of your arm in volleyball
- associated with controlled processing and novices
- internal instructions are worse than external instructions
- related to choking under pressure in experts
what are the characteristics of long term memory
- resistant to decay
- unlimited capacity
- develops with practice
- two types: declarative and procedural
What are the characteristics of short term memory store?
- rapid memory decay
- accepts all stimulus information
- limitless capacity
- information is coded literally, with no meaning
- holds information for about a second, and info is available to be “searched”
- accuracy decreases the longer you wait to ask for recall
what are the characteristics of short term memory?
- rapid decay unless rehearsed
- receives information from STSS and LTM
- limited capacit ~7chunks, +-2
- holds information for 1-60 seconds
- involved in action planning and decision making
- chunking
what are the common characteristics of most closed loop control skills
open environment, continuous and fine
what are the components of closed loop control
- executive
- effector
- comparator
- error signal
define executive and effector components
- executive: determines actions to achieve desired state (decisions)
- effector: carries out desired actions
What are the different sources of feedback used in closed loop control. Please use the terminology used in lecture 7 and in the book/closed-loop model to distinguish the 2 primary types of feedback
__________________ and ___________________?
exteroception and proprioception
what are the different types of attention interferences (related to selective attention)
- structural interference: physically interfering tasks, where you physically cannot do two things at the same time
- capacity interference: mentally interfering tasks, where your brain divides its attention to two mentally demanding tasks
what are the different types of memory
- short term sensory store
- short term memory
- long term memory
what are the main sources for proprioception
muscle spindles, GTO, vestibular system
What are the main stages in information processing
- stimulus ID
- response selection
- response programming
what are the major characteristics of attention?
- limited and selective
- intentional or incidental
- directionally focused
what are the sources involved in closed feedback loops?
exteroception and proprioception
What are the terms to describe the SR compatibility relationship between a stimulus and response?how do these relationships affect response selection?
compatible = decreases RT
incompatible = increases RT
what are the three major stages in information processing
- stimulus id
- response selection
- response programming
what are the two options for RPSF?
- open loop control
- closed loop control
What are the two types of closed loop control systems?
- conscious
- reflexive
What are the two types of compatible SR pairings?
- inherent: spatial position, size/shape of object
- learnt: practice or cultural norms, habitual
what are the two types of long term memory
- declarative
- procedural
What does the precue method tell us about information processing
it shows that the information about the incoming response allows you to plan the correct response. It saves/bypasses response selection
what control loop is best for movements that are longer in duration
closed loop control
what does a single bit do to someone’s uncertainty
halves it
How does increasing complexity of tasks affect RT?
increases response programming and RT
what does N represent in the log formula
the number of choices. N = 2^bit
What does the executive represent in conscious closed loop control?
all stages of information processing, with stimulus ID, response selection and programming
What does the stroop effect show regarding processing?
that task irrelevant information can still get through, despite intentional attention being directed at something else. shows that information can be attended to/processed in parallel
what effect was provided as evidence of an attention block at the stimulus id phase
inattention blindness (stroop and cocktail are AGAINST this)
What factors affect response selection
- spatial anticipation
- S-R compatibility
- # of S-R alternatives
What factors affect the stage of response programming?
COMPLEXITY
1. movement # of components
2. movement accuracy
3. movement duration
what factors affect whether it will be open or closed loop?
- time
- continuous = closed loop
- discrete = open loop - precision
- fine = closed loop
- gross = open loop - predictability
- open skill = closed loop
- closed skill = open loop
What is a real world example of the precue method?
For tennis players, they are able to use advance information to predict where the ball might go?
what is an example of capacity interference
- reading letters on a screen while juggling
what is an example of only capacity or structural interference when driving
- listening to music (capacity)
- using a hands free phone (structural)
- talking to a passenger (capacity)
what is an example of structural interference
what is an example of tasks that cause both structural and capacity interference?
driving a car with a hand held phone or manually changing the radio
What is assumed to be the root of choking in sport?
thought to be a part of a direction of attention issue, where something that does not normally require much attention, shifts to controlled processing instead of automatic.
in summary a shift from external to internal performance
what is chunking
chunking is a method of separating large pieces of information into smaller bits for better memory retention
what is declarative long term memory?
declarative long term memory: a type of LTM that deals with explicit and verbal information. The knowledge can be consciously recalled, and requires controlled processing
what is meant by attentional limitations in movement programming
essentially a bottleneck at the programming stage, where information can be processed in parallel but the attention needed to initiate movement is not. this suggests that we can only attend to some information in a serial fashion.
what is meant by population sterotypes in SR compatibility?
population stereotypes in SR compatibility refers to the widely shared associations between stimuli and responses
ex. light switches, red for stop, clockwise for increase, etc.
what is open loop control
open loop control: a control system where the output does not influence the actions, and movements are planned in advance
what is procedural long term memory
procedural LTM: a type of LTM that is implicit, dealing with knowledge that is not easily recalled and is non-conscious. Does not require controlled processing, and is automatic
What is PRP
psychological refractory period. it is the difference between the slope of RT2 and the control RT
what is RPSF
response produced sensory information
What is RT cost?
refers to the reprocessing of stimuli information and reaction processing?
what is S-R stimulus response compatibility
SR stimulus response compatibility: a measure of how well a stimulus aligns with the required response. higher compatibility = more aligned, and faster RT response
what is some evidence for stimulus identification blocks
change blindness or attention blindness
what is SOA
stimulus onset asynchrony, the difference between S1 and S2???
what is spatial anticipation?
spatial anticipation: anticipates the location of a stimulus
What is temporal anticipation?
temporal anticipation: anticipation of the arrival of a stimulus
what is the attentuation model of attention
it is the idea that unambiguous information is processed weakly while attending to other information
what is the dichotic listening paradigm?
it is a research tool to study what information gets through. we hear different information in each ear, and although we can only attend to one ear ata time, we unintentionally process information in the other ear to come up with something meaningful
what is the difference between intention or incidental attention?
intention is voluntary, controlled and conscious
incidental is involuntary, automatic and nonconscious
What is the formula for CRT/Hick’s law?
CRT = a + b(log_2N)
a = y intercept, b = slope
what is the grouping effect in PRP
SOAs which are shorter than 50ms get acted upon as though they are the same event, leading to a response in both
what is the major method used to study event predictability?
the precue method
what is the precue method
the precue method is a research technique in which the participant is given partial information about an action before the stimulus
what is the probe RT task method
a subject will perform a primary task, and at a strategic point, we will “probe” attention (measure attention) demanded in the primary task by presenting a secondary task. the reaction time to the secondary task is the measure of attention demanded by the primary????
what is the psychological refractory period
refers to attentional limitations in programming, and delays in closely spaced stimuli
what is the route for closed loop control
desired state -> EXECUTIVE
-> EFFECTOR -> actual state -> comparator etc.
-> COMPARATOR -> ERROR -> desired state
What stage is missing/different when going from SRT to a go/noGo RT task?
stimulus discrimination - go no go requires you to distinguish between whether or not to do the action, where SRT does not. you just go.
what is the route of open loop control
input -> executive -> effector -> output
what is the simon effect?
Simon effect: refers to the effect of stimulus response compatibility on reaction times, stating that higher compatibility leads to faster reaction times
what is the stroop effect?
The stroop effect looks at the disruption caused by irrelevant information during intentional attention tasks - specifically looks at colours of words of colours
What is the term used to describe a single unit of information?
bit
what kind of information gets through the filter in dichotic listening
only meaningful information
what kind of interference is distracted driving?
capacity - we used to think that it was an issue of structural interference, but we found out that it is a huge interference in mental capacity
what kind of memory retains knowledge of tying shoes or riding a bike?
LTM (procedural)
what kind of memory retains the rules of a sport?
LTM (declarative)
What kind of sport uses all 3 memory types?
dynamic open sports
what occurs if SR pairings violate stereotypical relationships?
errors are made, and RT increases
What process comes after information processing?
examination of response produced sensory information?
what stage of information processing does spatial anticipation save the most time in?
response selection
what stage of information processing does the precue method bypass?
response selection
what stage of reaction time does temporal anticipation save the most time in?
stimulus identification
What stimulus characteristics affect stimulus identification?
- clarity and intensity
- clarity: visual stimulus definition sharpness
- intensity: brightness, colour and loudness - modality: type of sensation, sight, sound etc.
- familiarity
- predicability - both temporal and spatial anticipation
what time intervals of a movement are typically the most attention demanding
the beginning and the end of the movement. for example, penalty kicks at their start and end required the most attention
what type of attention processes in parallel?
incidental
what type of attention processes serially?
intentional
what type of loop system is best for unpredictable environments
closed loop
what type of memory has limitless capacity
short term sensory store
what type of memory has very literal coding of information
short term sensory store and long term memory
what type of memory holds information for about a second
short term memory store
what type of memory is “chunking” associated with?
short term memory
When RT is plotted as a function of bits, what does the line look like?
straight - it is a linear relationship between RT and bits
where does the leaky filter take place in information processing
stimulus identification
Which stage of information processing is least affected by attention?
stimulus ID
which type of control loop is best for predictable environments
open loop control
which type of control loop is best for short duration movements
open loop control
Which type of control loop is subject to delays and slow processing? Why?
closed loop - because we are constantly modulating and recorrecting movements
who would show more cost interference from an internal focus to their foot in dribbling; experts or novices
experts. the movement is automatic for them, so when it is no longer automized, they have performance mistakes. theyre not used to intentional movement
who would show more cost interference from monitoring what the experimenter or coach is saying while dribbling; experts or novices
novices. there is less attention available to hear what’s going on. experts are able to intently listen while they move automatically, while novices have to pay direct attention to both tasks
why is the conscious closed loop system slow?
because the executive system contains all stages of information processing, there is a lot of re-identification, selection and programming
why might we see corrective muscle activity before conscious/voluntary correction?
because reflexive closed loop control starts the corrective process before voluntary movement kicks in
with less attention, what happens to task performance?
in most cases, it decreases
