Lec 4 - 7 v2 Flashcards
What factors influence the stages of information processing?
stimulus ID
- clarity/intensity
- modality
- familiarity
- predictability
response selection
- event predictability/anticipation
- S-R compatibility
- # of S-R choices
response programming
- response complexity
what factors affect the stimulus ID stage?
- clarity and intensity
- modality
- familiarity
- predictability
how does clarity affect RT
increased clarity decreases RT
how does intensity affect RT
increased intensity decreases RT
which is faster, auditory simple RT or visual simple RT
auditory
who recognizes patterns faster, experts or novices?
experts, because they have more exposure to meaningful patterns
describe how patterns or familiarity affect stimulus ID stage
The recognition of patterns can help reduce RT
how does predictability affect stimulus ID stage
anticipating the arrival of a stimulus and what someone might do can allow for savings in stimulus ID and response selection stages.
what is temporal anticipation
predicting the arrival of a stimulus
What stage does temporal anticipation save the most time for
stimulus ID
the prediction of the arrival of when a stimulus hits is what kind of anticipation
temporal anticipation
what kind of anticipation relates to the most time savings in stimulus identification
temporal anticipation
what is spatial anticipation
predicting the spatial location of a stimulus
what stage of information processing is saved the most time by spatial anticipation
response selection
what kind of anticipation saves the most time in response selection
spatial anticipation
describe how temporal anticipation effects sprint starts
by anticipating the go, you can reduce your RT in stimulus identification. however, if you have an RT too low, it is considered a false start.
what factors affect response selection?
- event/spatial predictability
- S-R compatibility
- # of S-R alternatives
what is the precue method
precue method: refers to a stimulus cue about the upcoming response (a little extra information about spatial/temporal anticipation)
what is event predictability
event predictability: the anticipation of where and how to respond based on advance information
how does a precue method affect the stages of information processing?
it bypasses the response selection phase, for Rt benefit
what happens to RT when the precue is invalid?
it slows down (increase) RT, compared to a valid precue which will speed up (decrease) RT
what is S-R compatibility? what does it mean?
S-R compatibility: the degree of ‘naturalness’ between a stimulus and its paired response
what are the different types of high compatibility S-R pairings
- inherent: high compatibility based on spatial position, shape or size of the object
- learnt: high compatibility based on practice or cultural norms, a habit.
what does inherent/learnt relate to? what are these a subcategory of?
S-R compatibility
what do we call a S-R pairing that is low compatibility?
incompatible
which are better for RT, compatible or incompatible?
compatible
if we want to decrease RT, what kind of S-R compatibility do we want?
compatible (contrary to incompatible)
what is the simon effect
Simon effect: refers to the effect of stimulus response compatibility on reaction times, stating that higher compatibility leads to faster reaction times
what are population stereotypes?
population stereotypes: a type of S-R pairing that is learned, like red for stop, clockwise for increase, etc.
what happens to RT if an S-R pairing violates stereotypical relationships?
it slows down!
what happens to RT if the number of choices increases
it increases
what happens to RT if uncertainty increases
it increases
what happens to uncertainty as the number of choices in a task increases
it increases
what happens to uncertainty as the number of choices in a task decreases
it decreases
What do we refer to a single unit of information as
a bit
what is a bit
bit: the amount of information required to reduce uncertainty by half: a single unit of information
what do we refer to as the amount of info required to reduce uncertainty by half
a bit
what happens to uncertainty if we decide between two equally likely alternatives
it is cut in half
in the equation Log_2(N), what does N mean
N = choices or S-R alternatives
What variable do we assign the # of choices or S-R alternatives in the log formula
N
what do we have to ask ourselves to calculate bits?
what do we have to raise 2 to the power of to get N?
As the # of S-R alternatives increases, what happens to choice RT
it increases linearly
what kind of a relationship is found between # of SR alternatives and choice RT (when it is a function of bits)
linear relationship
What is hick’s law
hick’s law: the linear relationship between RT and # of choices/S-R alternatives
what kind of a relationship do we see between RT and N
curvilinear
what kind of a relationship do we find between RT and Log_2N
linear relationship!
what is the difference between a curvilinear relationship of RT and a linear one? How does the relationship change to get a linear one?
curvilinear = RT + # of S-R alternatives
linear = RT + bits
What formula goes with Hick’s law
CRT = a + b(log_2(N))
what law does this formula go with: CRT = a + b(log_2(N))
hick’s law
what are the more ‘obvious’ factors in effect the detection of an event?
loudness, clarity, familiarity, temporal predictability
Manipulating the degree of compatibility
between a stimulus and its paired response is
believed to primarily affect the
________________ stage of the information
processing model.
response selection i think
If we knew that someone’s RT for a 1 choice RT was
250ms and for a 2 choice RT was 400ms, using Hick’s
Law, what would be their 4 choice RT?
what factors affect response programming
- # of components
- movement accuracy
- movement duration
all in all, movement complexity.
How does RT change as complexity increases
RT increases
what is some evidence for response programming and movement complexity effects?
the henry and rogers experiment, where they varied complexity of a task and found that with increasing complexity, RT raised “finger lift” experiment
define memory
memory: the persistence of information that can be stored for future processing
what are the three aspects of memopry
- short term sensory store
- short term memory
- long term memory
what kind of memory includes working memory
short term memory
Short term memory also includes what other type of memory
working memory
what are the characteristics of short term sensory store
- rapid memory decay
- limitless capacity
- literal coding
what kind of memory codes literally, with no meaning attributed to it
short term sensory store
what kind of memory is available to be “searched”
short term sensory store
What happens to the accuracy of short term information with a longer wait time before asking for info?
it decreases.
Accuracy of retreiving info from STSS decreases with increases in what?
time
how long is STSS around for
about a secondw
what kind of memory is only there for about a second
STSS
what are the characteristics of short term memory
- rapid decay
- recieves info from STSS and LTM
- limited capacity (7+-2 chunks)
what is the capacity of STM
7 + - 2 chunks
how can we make STM forget slower?
by rehearsing information
what kind of memory is involved in action planning and decision making
short term memory
how is short term memory important for sports?
its important for action planning and decision making
what is chunking
chunking: the grouping of information into bits of information. helps with rapid stimulus Id and decision making
how can we help our short term memory retain more information
chunking! and rehearsal
what are the characteristics of long term memory
- resistant to decay
- unlimited capacity
- develops with practice or rehearsal
how can we further split up LTM into different components
- declarative (explicit/verbal)
- procedural (implicit) memory
what is declarative memory
a portion of LTM that contains information about facts/explicit knowledge, and demands attention/controlled processing
what kind of info does declarative memory store
facts/explicit knowledge
what are the characteristics of declarative memory
- verbalizable - explicit knowledge
- requires controlled processing - attention demanding
what is procedural memory
a portion of LTM that deals with non verbalizable information and automatic processing
what are the characteristics of procedural memory
- non verbalizable
- automatic processing
what kind of memory is non verbalizable?
procedural (implicit)
what kind of memory is automatic processing
procedural (implicit)
what kind of memory is verbalizable
declarative
what kind of memory requires controlled processing
declarative
how long does STM stick around
1-60 seconds unless rehearsed
what is attention
attention: a cognitive resource for mental processes, related to how we select information to process
attention is related to the limitation of what?
doing two things at the same time
what are the features of attention
- limited and selective
- intentional/incidental
- directionally focused
what does it mean for attention to be intentional or incidental
intentional attention is voluntary, conscious and controlled.
incidental attention is involuntary, nonconscious and automatic
what does it mean for attention to be internal or external
internal is body focused
external is environments/effects focused
what is the word for attention that is conscious and controlled
intentional attention
what is the word for involuntary, automatic attention
incidental
what is the word for body focused attention
internal
what is the word for environment focused attention
external
how do we know that attention is selective?
through probing tasks - we see a decrease in performance when secondary tasks demand attention
what kind of interference is there?
- capacity
- structural
attention is inferred from what kind of interference
capacity
is attention inferred from structural or capacity interference, or both?
capacity only
is attention inferred from structural interference
no! it is inferred from capacity interference
what is structural interference
structural interference: the competition for physical or neurological structures, prevents tasks because you cant physically do two things at the same time
what is capacity interference
capacity interference: limitation in central capacity, that divides attention and concentration from a secondary task
Singing a song while simultaneously juggling
a soccer ball interferes with juggling
performance. This is an example of ___ interference
capacity
Clapping hands while simultaneously juggling
a soccer ball interferes with juggling
performance. This is an example of
_________________ Interference
I think structural, but online says different
Reading flashed letters on a screen while
simultaneously juggling a soccer ball
interferes with juggling performance. This is
an example of __________
Interference.
capacity?
is using a phone while driving capacity or structural interference?
used to be believed it was structural, but is actually more so capacity
how do we test which parts of movement are attention demanding?
we use probe RT task methods, where we probe attention by introducing a secondary task
is the start, end or middle the most attention demanding in a penalty kick
start and end
is manually changing a radio structural or capacity interference?
both!
what is intentional attention
intentional attention: conscious attendance/inhibition of information to attend to
what is incidental attention
incidental attention: involuntary shifts in attention in response to an unexpected external stimulus
with practice, what happens to intentional attention?
we have less of a need for it, as some skills become more automatic instead of controlled
what is controlled processing in attention
controlled processing: the intentional, slow, serial and attention demanding processing of info
what is automatic processing in attention
automatic processing: the unintentional, fast, parallel and not attention demanding processing of information
what is an example of internal attention
focusing on your arm movement, or your lead up in a volleyball spike
what is an example of an external attention
focused on where the ball is going, and getting it to a target
what kind of direction of attention is related to novices
internal
what direction of attention is related to controled processing
internal
what direction of attention is worse for instructions
internal
what direction of attention is related to choking in experts
internal
what are the characteristics of internal attention
- associated with novices
- controlled processing
- worse for instructions
- related to choking in experts
what direction of attention is related to experts
external
what direction of focused is related to automatic processing
external
what direction of attention is better for instruction
external
what is choking in sport
choking: a loss in performance that occurs when performers shift focus from external to internal
choking is thought to be an issue of what
attention - particularly the shift from external to internal
who would show more cost interference from an internal focus, experts or novices
experts. the movement is automatic for them, so when it is no longer automized, they have performance mistakes. theyre not used to intentional movement
who would show more cost interference when monitoring what the coach is saying
novices. there is less attention available to hear what’s going on. experts are able to intently listen while they move automatically, while novices have to pay direct attention to both tasks
novices show what level of internal attention capacity
low
who has more attention capacity for secondary tasks, novices or experts
experts
who has more interference from secondary tasks, novices or experts
novices
what is some evidence FOR selective attention blocks at SI stage
- change blindness
what are the evidence of blocks for response selection vs stimulus ID
secondary tasks vs change blindness
what does intentional selective processing do with sensory information?
it blocks sensory processing of other information?
what is the evidence against a stimulus ID block
- stroop effect
- cocktail effect
what is the stroop effect
The stroop effect looks at the disruption caused by irrelevant information during intentional attention tasks - specifically looks at colours of words of colours
What does the stroop effect show regarding processing?
that task irrelevant information can still get through, despite intentional attention being directed at something else. shows that information can be attended to/processed in parallel
what is the cocktail effect
cocktail effect: the effect that meaningful information gets through the unattended stream
what is the dichotic listening paradigm
dichotic listening paradigm: a research tool to study what information gets through, where info is processed in parallel and we unintentionally process it to become meaningful
what kind of information gets through the filter in dichotic listening
only meaningful information
what is the attenuation model of attention
it is the model of attention that follows the idea that information changes interpretation of ambiguous words. instead of a block, we have a leaky filter that allows meaningful information to get through.
what is the psychological refractory period
PRP: attentional limitations in movement programming, where a delay is caused when processing a second, closely spaced stimulus?
what stage of information do we use the bottleneck model for
movement programming - stimulus ID and response selection are processed in parallel, but not programming
what is the double stimulation paradigm
: it is a delay in processing a second, closely spaced stimulus
how does the double stimulation paradigm work
The first stimulation elicits a response, and while that is working, if you hit with another stimulus, you end up programming a movement twice, resulting in a big delay
how do we calculate PRP
the diff between RT with and without stimulation
what is stimulus onset asynchrony
the difference between stimulus one and two
under what condition do we see PRP
we see a cost in RT when the SOA is under 300ms
how far apart do two stimuli have to be to produce a PRP effect
under 300ms apart
what do fakes take advantage of
the PRP
The ‘stroop effect’ gives evidence against full
attention blocks at what stage of information
processing?
response selection
what are the primary sources of response produced sensory feedback
- exteroception: info about the environment
- proprioception: info within the body
what kind of senses are associated with exteroception
vision, audition, olfaction
what kind of sense are associated with interoception
all proprioceptive sources - spindles, joint afferents, GTO, etc.
what is open loop control
open loop control: type of control where movement is planned in advance and does not rely on sensory feedback for execution
What environments + movements use open loop control
predictable, short movements
In predictable environments, what loop system do we use
open
in short movements, what loop system do we use
open
what are the components in the open loop system
- executive
- effector
what is closed loop control
closed loop control: a type of control that uses constant sensory feedback to achieve a goal
in what environments + movements do we use closed loop control
unpredictable, longer movements
what system loop do we use for unpredictable environments
closed
what loop do we use for longer movements
closed
what are the components of closed loop control
- executive system
- effector system
- comparator
- error signal
what is the main difference in components between closed and open loop
comparator!
define executive
executive: the component of control loops that determines the actions to take for a desired goal
what does the executive represent
information processing (decisions)
define effector
effector: component of control loops that carry out the desired action
define comparator
comparator: compares the actual output with the desired output
define error signal
error signal: difference between actual output and desired output
what are some examples of movements that use closed loop
moving a cursor, retrieving a fumble football
what are some examples of movements that use open loop
key press, jab
what kind of movements are involved in open loop system
mostly disrete, gross and closed
what system loop is used for discrete, gross and closed skill
open
what kind of movements are used in closed loop
continuous, fine, open skills
what system loop is used for continuous, fine, or open skills
closed
which system loop is slow
closed
what are the main factors in whether the CNS acts in open or closed fashion?
- how long is the movement
- precision of movement
- predictability of environemnt
what loop is used for continuous movement
closed
what system loop is used for discrete movements
open loop
what system loop uses fine movements
closed
what system loop uses gross movements
open
what system loop is used in open environments
closed
what system loop is used for closed environments
open
what kind of a delay do we see in closed loop systems?
100-150ms due to the executive having to reprocess
what are the types of closed loop control
- conscious
- reflexive
what are the characteristics of conscious closed loop control
- selective attention
- conscious
- slow
what are the characteristics of reflexive closed loop control
- unconscious
- does not require selective attention
- fast
how do we bypass the closed loop control
reflexes!
