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AU Microbiology > Module 1 - Intro & History > Flashcards

Module 1 - Intro & History Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganism

A

An organism too small to be seen without a microscope

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2
Q

Microbe

A

An organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope

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3
Q

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First discovered the bacterial world. Built tiny magnifying glasses to observe specimens.

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4
Q

Six groups of microorganisms

A

Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and small multicellular animals

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5
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic microorganism typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. In Woese’s taxonomy, domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having bacterial rRNA sequences.

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6
Q

Taxonomic system

A

A system for naming plants and animals and group of similar organisms together

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7
Q

Archaea

A

In Wilson’s taxonomy, domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having archael rRNA sequences

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8
Q

Pathogenic Microorganisms

A

Disease-causing microorganisms

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9
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

Microorganisms that do not ordinarily cause disease become infectious in immunoincompetent individuals

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10
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

Hospital acquired infections

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11
Q

Prokaryote

A

Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

Eukaryote

A

Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Developed the original classification system (kingdom–> species)

A

Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)

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14
Q

Added “Domain” to taxonomy system

A

Carl Woese

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15
Q

3 Domains in 3 domain System; developed by

A

Bacteria (Eubacteria), Archaea, Eukarya

Developed by Carl Woese - got rid of Kingdom Monera

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16
Q

Who proposed Archaea asa domain?

A

Carl Woese

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17
Q

Who supported the spontaneous generation myth?

A

John Needham

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18
Q

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

One Parent (single cell)
Identical offspring (to parent cell)
Less developed organisms
Faster time period

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19
Q

Characteristics of sexual reproduction

A

Two parents (two cells)
Unique offspring (genetically different from parent cells)
More Complex organisms
Slower reproduction time

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20
Q

Developed a method to decrease the microbial population in consumer goods to reduce spoilage.

A

Louis Pasteur

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21
Q

Developed rabies vaccine

A

Louis Pasteur

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22
Q

Demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease

A

Robert Koch

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23
Q

“Golden Age” of Microbiology

A

1857 - 1914

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24
Q

Performed swan neck flask experiments to disprove spontaneous generation theory

A

Louis Pasteur

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25
Q

Who implemented hand-washing techniques; when?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis; 1847-1850

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26
Q

Developed techniques to reduce wound and surgical infections

A

Joseph Lister; 1867

  • heat sterilized instruments
  • sprayed phenol over surgical areas
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27
Q

First to experiment with role of bacteria causing disease

A

Robert Koch (1876)

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28
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

series of four steps to isolate microorganisms in diseased organisms and infect healthy hosts

29
Q

Credited for discovery of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner (late 1700s) - smallpox from cowpox

30
Q

Attenuation

A

the process of reducing vaccine virulence (ability to cause disease)

31
Q

Developed vaccines through attenuation of bacteria

A

Louis Pasteur
- Discovered studying chicken cholera
Produced Anthrax & Rabies vaccines (1885)

32
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Experimented with sealed jars of meat in late 1600s in an attempt to disprove spontaneous generation theory

33
Q

John T Needham

A

Supporter of spontaneous generation theory. Experimented with boiled beef gravy in containers sealed with corks. (1713-1781)

34
Q

Lazaro Spallanzani

A

repeated Needham’s experiments but boiled broth longer and melted necks of vials to seal. Seemingly disproved spontaneous generation theory but wasn’t accepted because sealed necks didn’t allow vital life forces (air)

35
Q

Micrographia

A

collection of microscopic observations of inanimate & animate objects

36
Q

Who published Micrographia, when?

A

Robert Hook; 1665

37
Q

Leuwenhoek’s observations of _____ introduced most types of ________ to the world.

A

microbes; microorganisms

38
Q

Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries were named and classified by Linnaeus in his _________.

A

taxonomic system

39
Q

Small _______ (______ &_____) line in a variety of communities and in most habitats. Even though some cause disease, most are beneficial.

A

prokaryotes ( bacteria & archaea)

40
Q

Relatively large microscopic ________ _______ include _______ & _______.

A

eukaryotic fungi; molds & yeasts

41
Q

Animal-like single celled eukaryotes. Some cause disease.

A

protozoa

42
Q

Abiognesis

A

aka spontaneous generation. Theory proposed by Aristotle

43
Q

Bioremediation

A

use of microbes to clean up environmental oil spills & toxic pollutants

44
Q

Biotechnology

A

use of living organisms and technology to produce various consumer goods; i.e. foods, drugs, & vaccines

45
Q

Studies bacteria

A

Bacteriologist

46
Q

studies viruses

A

Virologist

47
Q

Studies Fungi

A

Mycologist

48
Q

studies Protozoa

A

Protozologist

49
Q

studies parasitic protozoa & Helminths

A

Parasitologist (parasitology)

50
Q

studies Algae

A

Phycologist (Phycology)

51
Q

3 main shapes (morphology) of microbes

A

rods, spheres, spirals

52
Q

Analyzing chemical structure of cell wall is looking at what characteristic of microbes

A

Molecular structure

53
Q

Analyzing enzymes & biochemical pathways is defining what characteristic?

A

Physiological characteristics

54
Q

Analyzing DNA of microbes

A

Phylogenetic analysis

55
Q

Phylogenetic analysis defines which characteristic

A

Genetic Structure

56
Q

Two prokaryotic microorganisms

A

Bacteria & Archaea

57
Q

Prokaryotic cells do NOT contain DNA (true/false)

A

False - they contain DNA but not in a nuclear membrane

58
Q

Pseudopods

A

Protozoa that move by extending cell membrane until cytoplasm flows in that direction

59
Q

Cilia

A

fine hairlike structures beat uniformly that allow protozoan organisms to move

60
Q

Four Locomotion classifications of Protozoa

A
  1. Pseudopods 2. Cilia 3. Flagella 4. Non-motile
61
Q

Photosynthetic microorganism

A

Algae

62
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

splicing genes from one organism to another - has been successfully used to produce human therapies (ie. insulin)

63
Q

Cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes

A

Ribosomes - YES, No Mitochondria & No Chloroplasts, no ER, or Golgi body

64
Q

Cytoplasmic structures of Eukaryotes

A

Ribosomes- YES, Mitochondria - YES, Chloroplast - YES

65
Q

Where are Prokaryotes found vs Eukaryotes found?

A

Prokaryotes - All environments, Eukaryotes - non harsh environments

66
Q

microorganisms are named by

A

Genus & Species (most exclusive)

67
Q

genus name is always (capitalized/lowercase)

A

capitalized

68
Q

species name is always (capitalized/lowercase)

A

lowercase

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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