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AU Microbiology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemical agents used to treat disease

A

Chemotherapeutic agents

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2
Q

Antibiotics Target

A

Bacterial cells

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3
Q

True microbial antibiotics produced by microbes

A

Natural antibiotics

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4
Q

Natural antibiotics that have been slightly chemically modified perhaps to restore Effectiveness after build up resistance

A

Semi synthetic antibiotics

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5
Q

Completely synthesized antibiotics

A

Synthetic antibiotics

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6
Q

Ability to kill organisms while damaging host as little as possible

A

Selective toxicity

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7
Q

Drugs that attack many different kinds of pathogens and are not very specific

A

Broad-spectrum drugs

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8
Q

Drugs that are more specific and attack a limited variety of pathogens

A

Narrow-spectrum drugs

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9
Q

Microbicidal versus microbistatic

A

Microbicidal - kill organism

Microbstatic - keep organism at bay

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10
Q

Which has higher host toxicity? Microbicidal/Microbstatic

A

Microbicidal

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11
Q

5 drug action mechanisms

A
  1. Cell wall inhibitors
  2. Breakdown Cell membrane structure or function
  3. Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis structure or function
  4. Inhibit protein synthesis
  5. Block key metabolic pathways
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12
Q

Beta -lactam groups (contain 3-carbom, 1 nitrogen functional ring)

A
  • Penicillins

- Cephalosporins

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13
Q

Non-Beta lactam groups

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Bacitracin
  • Isoniazid
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14
Q

3 parts of Penicillin Drugs

A
  • Thiazoladine ring
  • Beta-lactam ring
  • Variable side chain dictating microbial activity
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15
Q

Penicillin Drug mode of action

A

Block cell wall synthesis by binding the enzyme involved in cell wall cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers

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16
Q

Cephalosporin mode of action

A

Broad spectrum activity; block enzyme involved in cell wall cross linking similar to penicillins

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17
Q

Beta- lactam structure with two variable R groups

A

Cephalosporins

18
Q

Narrow spectrum drug that blocks ends of amino acids of the cell wall that will be cross-linked

A

Vancomycin

19
Q

Blocks elongation of the peptidoglycan chain; topical ointment

A

Bacitracin

20
Q

Interferes with mycolic acid synthesis; used with mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Isoniazid

21
Q

Alternative to penicillin if allergic; toxic restricted-use hard to administer baby I have to listen to

A

Vancomycin

22
Q

acts like a detergent to solubilize phospholipids and destroy the integrity of the cell membrane

A

Polymixins

23
Q

Drugs that bind to DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA gyrase activity - broad spectrum effectiveness

A

Fluoroquinolones

24
Q

Blocks RNA polymerase activity - used for tuberculosis therapy & Neisseria menigitidis

A

Rifampin

25
Q

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis (4 of them)

A

Aminoglycosides (class)
Tetracycline (specific drug)
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides

26
Q

contain a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars

bind to the 16S rRNA molecule in 30S ribosomal subunit - leads to misreading of mRNA & nonfunctional proteins

A

Aminoglycosides (class)

27
Q

4 ring structure; binds to the A-site on the 30S subunit to inhibit tRNA from binding - broad spectrum

A

Tetracyclines

28
Q

Contains unique nitrobenzene structure; blocks peptide bond formation by binding to the 50S subunit; very toxic, restricted usage

A

Chloramphenicol

29
Q

Contain 12 to 22 carbon lactone rings; bind to 23S rRNA molecule on 50S subunit so peptide bond cannot be formed

A

Macrolides

30
Q

Drugs that block enzymes required for folic acid synthesis through competitive inhibition

A

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

31
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Antifungal; disrupts cell membrane

32
Q

Nystatin

A

Antifungal; disrupts cell memrane

33
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Antifungal; disrupts mitotic spindle formation

34
Q

Synthetic azoles

A

broad spectrum antifungal; inhibits ergosterol synthesis

35
Q

Flucytosine

A

nucleotide analog (mimics cytosine); gets incorporated into the DNA and truncates synthesis

36
Q

Selective toxicity is almost impossible in this type of drugs

A

Antiviral

37
Q

Antiviral drugs function by

A

trying to block aspects of the viral life cycle (replication, transcription, or translation)

38
Q

Antiherpes Drugs mode of function

A

nucleotide analogs

39
Q

3 types of drugs (mode of action) in HIV infection cocktail

A

AZT - nucleotide analog
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors

40
Q

Acquisition of drug resistance

A
  1. Spontaneous mutation

2. Acquisition of new genes via transfer from another species

41
Q

4 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

A
  1. Inactivation of the drug
  2. Exclusion of drug
  3. Modification of drug target
  4. Modify or alternative metabolic patterns

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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