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AU Microbiology > Mod 2 Microbial Growth & Nutrition > Flashcards

Mod 2 Microbial Growth & Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Must be provided to an organism because they can’t synthesize themselves

A

Essential Nutrients

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2
Q

Nutrients required in large quantities

A

Macronutrients

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3
Q

These nutrients play a principal role in cell structure and metabolism

A

Macronutrients

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4
Q

Nutrients required in small amounts but essential for survival

A

Micronutrients

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5
Q

Nutrients involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

A

Micronutrients

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6
Q

Building blocks for the four major macronutrients (6 elements)

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur - make up 96% of cell

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7
Q

CHNOPS

A

6 building blocks of the major Macromolecules:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus

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8
Q

4 major Macromolecules

A

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids

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9
Q

3 examples of micronutrients

A

Manganese, Zinc, Nickel

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10
Q

3 source classifications of Microbes

A

Carbon source
Energy source
Electron source

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11
Q

Two carbon source classifications

A

Heterotrophs & Autotrophs

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12
Q

Breakdown and bring in organic molecules from outside for carbon source

A

Heterotrophs

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13
Q

Take in carbon dioxide and solar energy to create and build carbon sources

A

Autotrophs

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14
Q

Gain energy from breaking down chemical compounds

A

Chemotrophs

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15
Q

Gain energy from solar energy through photosynthesis

A

Phototrophs

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16
Q

Gain electrons from breaking down organic molecules

A

Organotrophs

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17
Q

Gain electrons from breaking down inorganic molecules

A

Lithotrophs

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18
Q

Growth Factors

A

Organic chemicals that can not be synthesized and must be provided from an outside source

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19
Q

Fastidious Organisms

A

Organisms that require numerous growth factors

ie. Heme, amino acids, purines & pyrimidines

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20
Q

Exoenzymes

A

Enzymes secreted by cells to breakdown nutrients outside the cell so they are small enough to pass through cell wall

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21
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does not require ATP

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22
Q

Substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration

A

Passive transport

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23
Q

3 types of Passive Transport

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

Passive transport that requires a membrane bound carrier protein to facilitate movement

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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25
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP energy and membranes bound carrier proteins

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26
Q

Transport occurs Independent of a concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

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27
Q

3 types of Active transport

A

Active Transport
Group translocation
Bulk transport

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28
Q

Types of bulk Transport

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis

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29
Q

Examples of small uncharged molecules that can move across the phospholipid membrane using the concentration gradient

A

H20 - water
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
O2 - oxygen

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30
Q

Passive Diffusion occurs by moving molecules through the ______ until the amounts inside and outside are equal

A

Lipid Bilayer (plasma membrane)

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31
Q

Simple diffusion specifically movement of water

A

Osmosis

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32
Q

Through osmosis water moves from areas that are _____________ to areas that are __________.

A

Hypotonic –> Hypertonic

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33
Q

Hypotonic

A

Area of lower solute concentration

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34
Q

Hypertonic

A

Area of higher dissolved solute concentration

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35
Q

Tonicity

A

Describes the water flow direction of a cell placed in an environmental solution

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36
Q

Isotonic

A

Equal flow of water in & out of a cell

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37
Q

No net gain of water in the cell or outside the cell

A

Isotonic

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38
Q

Solute concentration is equal of both sides of the membrane

A

Isotonic

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39
Q

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment what will happen?

A

Water will flow out of the cell and cell will shrink

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40
Q

Cell without a cell wall shrinks in a hypertonic environment - called?

A

Crenation

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41
Q

When cells with a cell wall are placed in a hypertonic solution cell membrane shrinks from the cell wall - called

A

Plasmolysis

42
Q

Cell Lysis

A

Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will take in water - cell will swell and rupture

43
Q

Channel proteins

A

Non specific carrier proteins used by various solutes in facilitated diffusion

44
Q

Solute selective carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion or active transport

A

Permeases

45
Q

Active transport coupled to a chemical modifi9

A

Group translocation

46
Q

Chemical modification occurs during the movement through the membrane making them impermeable to the membrane

A

Group Translocation

47
Q

Involves physical manipulation of the cytoplasmic membrane around the cytoskeleton

A

Endocytosis

48
Q

When large solid matter is brought into a cell through endocytosis it is called

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

When small solid or liquids are brought into the cell through endocytosis it is called

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q

Environmental factors that influence microbial growth include:

A 
Temperature 
Oxygen requirements 
pH
Osmotic pressure
Barometric pressure
51
Q

True/false

At extremely low temperatures organisms typically die

A

False - enzymes rates of reactions slow, lipids become rigid and fragile and growth rates slow but do not die

52
Q

In extreme heat enzymes that cause chemical reactions for growth unfold and become denatured and die

A

True

53
Q

5 classifications of organisms based on their optimal growth temperatures

A
  1. Psychrophiles
  2. Mesophiles
  3. Thermophiles
  4. Psychrotrophs
  5. Hyperthermophiles
54
Q

Organisms capable of growth at low temperatures (0°- 15° C)

A

Psychrophiles

55
Q

Organisms with optimum growth temperature 20°- 40°C (human body temp therefore most pathogens fall in this category)

A

Mesophiles

56
Q

Organisms with optimal growth temperatures greater than 45° C

A

Thermophiles

57
Q

Optimum growth between 80° - 100° C; classification includes Archea that live in extreme temps

A

Hyperthermophiles

58
Q

Organisms that are able to grow from 4°C to 37°C making them factors for causing refrigerator borne illnesses

A

Psychrotrophs

59
Q

Oxygen requirement classifications

A 
Obligate Aerobe
Obligate Anaerobe
Facultative Anaerobes
Aerotolerant
Microaerophile
60
Q

Thioglycollate Growth Assay

A

test to determine oxygen requirement of organisms

61
Q

Organisms that require oxygen and use it as their final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain when producing ATP energy

A

Obligate Aerobe

62
Q

Organisms that do not tolerate oxygen

A

Obligate Anaerobe

63
Q

Organisms that do not require oxygen, but grow better in the presence of oxygen

A

Facultative Anaerobe

64
Q

In a Thioglycolate growth assay, growth is concentrated at the bottom of the test tube therefore the organism is

A

Obligate Anaerobe

65
Q

In a Thioglycolate growth assay, growth is concentrated at the top of the test tube therefore the organism is

A

Obligate Aerobe

66
Q

In a Thioglycolate growth assay, growth is seen in a gradient from top to bottom of the test tube therefore the organism is

A

Facultative anaerobe

67
Q

In a Thioglycolate growth assay, growth is evenly distributed throughout the test tube therefore the organism is

A

Aerotolerant

68
Q

In a Thioglycolate growth assay, growth is concentrated in the middle of the test tube therefore the organism is

A

Microaerophile

69
Q

Organisms grow whether oxygen is present or not

A

Aerotolerant

70
Q

Organisms require lower than atmospheric levels of oxygen

A

Microaerophile

71
Q

List the enzymes used by organisms that grow in the presence of oxygen to neutralize the toxic products of Oxygen utilization

A

Carotenoids
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase

72
Q

Organism that grows best at higher CO2 tensions than normally present in atmosphere

A

Capnophile

73
Q

A gas chamber or candle jar is used to grow these organisms

A

Capnophile

74
Q

Classification of organisms that require a high concentration of salt

A

Obligate halophiles

75
Q

Class of organisms that grow in pH range 6.5-7.5; MOST organisms

A

Neutrophiles

76
Q

Class of organisms that grow in a more acidic environment; 0.0 - 6.4; die around 7.0

A

Acidophiles

77
Q

Class of organisms that grow in a more basic environment; 7.6 or higher

A

Alkalinophiles

78
Q

Which classifications of organisms would most likely have the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase?

A

Obligate Aerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Aerotolerant
Microaerophiles

79
Q

Fungal organisms grow slightly better in (acidic or basic) environments

A

More acidic

80
Q

Most microbes exist under hypotonic or isotonic conditions (T/F)

A

True

81
Q

Osmotolerant

A

microbes that do not require high concentration of solute but can tolerate it

82
Q

Microbes that survive under extreme hydrostatic pressure

A

Barophiles

83
Q

Replication & division of prokaryotic cells is known as

A

binary fission

84
Q

Divides the prokaryotic cell into two daughter cells during binary fission

A

central transverse septum

85
Q

Generation time

A

the amount of time required for a complete cycle of replication/division to occur

86
Q

Generation time for E. coli & S. aureus

A

20 minutes

87
Q

Exponential (logarithmic) growth

A

Not 1, 2, 3 ,4 ,5

BUTE 1,2,4,8,16,32,64

88
Q

Two types of Growth Systems

A

Closed systems & Open Systems

89
Q

Examples of closed systems

A

broth culture

agar plates

90
Q

Characteristics of a closed system

A
  • single batch of media
  • limited nutrient concentration
  • toxic microbial waste builds up of time
91
Q

Used to create an open system for microbial growth

A

Chemostat

92
Q

4 Stages of a normal growth curve

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Exponential (log) growth phase
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death Phase
93
Q

flat period of adjustment while cells prepare for growth

A

Lag Phase

94
Q

period of maximum growth that continues while nutrients are available

A

Log Phase (or exponential phase)

95
Q

phase during which the rate of cell growth is equal to the rate of cell death

A

Stationary Phase

96
Q

During this phase of cell growth limiting factor intensify and cells die exponentially

A

Death Phase

97
Q

Direct Methods for measurement of microbial growth

A

Hemacytometer
Electric Counters (coulter counter, flow cytometer)
Dilution & Spread plate techniques
Membrane Filtration

98
Q

uses a counting chamber to directly count cells with a microscope

A

Hemacytometer

99
Q

Cells are suspended and added to a machine and flow through a flow tube which counts bacterial cells as they pass a laser beam of light

A

Electric Counters

100
Q

Indirect Methods for measurement of microbial growth

A

Turbidity compared to “turbidity standards”

Using a Spectrophotometer to measure amount of light allowed to pass through a sample

101
Q

Why is measuring by turbidity not an accurate method for cell growth?

A

Because there is no way to distinguish between live and dead cells

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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