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AU Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of enzymes?

A

to direct and speed up the rate of chemical reactions

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2
Q

When writing a chemical reaction this is always written above the arrow

A

Enzymes

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3
Q

3 pathways that make up aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Transition Reaction
Krebs Cycle

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4
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in Aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

In anaerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is

A

something other than Oxygen & produced bad smells

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6
Q

Energy yield from EMP pathway

A

2 ATP, 1 NADH

= 2 Substrate ATP, 3 Oxidative ATP, 5 total ATP

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7
Q

Energy yield from Transition pathway

A

1 NADH

= 3 oxidative ATP

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8
Q

Energy Yield from Kreb’s Cycle

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

= 1 Substrate, 11 Oxidative

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9
Q

Total of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

Breaking the bonds of molecules to form smaller molecules

A

Catabolism

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11
Q

Releases energy from molecules transforming it to ATP - energy conserving process

A

Catabolism

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12
Q

A process that uses smaller molecules to form macromolecules

A

Anabolism

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13
Q

Energy is used during this reaction

A

Anabolic reaction

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14
Q

ATP is made up of

A

ADP and one other phosphate group

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15
Q

Three parts of ATP molecule

A

Nitrogenous base - Adenine
5 Carbon Sugar - Ribose
3 Phosphate Groups - phosphorus surrounded by oxygen and hydrogen.

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16
Q

When a cell needs energy it breaks the terminal Phosphate group from _________ forming __________

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP); Adenosine Diphosphate

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17
Q

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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18
Q

Resistance to a reaction; this is lowered by Enzymes

A

Energy of Activation

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19
Q

Enzymes are not altered or consumed so can be used multiple times

A

True

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20
Q

Active site

A

Specific site on an enzyme that binds to substrate

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21
Q

Names of enzymes usually end in -_______

A

-ase

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22
Q

Protein Structures are made up of

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, and tertiary structure and MAY have a quaternary structure

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23
Q

Six different categories of enzymes

A
  • Hydrolase
  • Isomerase
  • Ligase (or Polymerase)
  • Lyase
  • Oxidoreductase
  • Transferase
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24
Q

Hydrolase

A

Catabolic enzyme. Uses water - brings in water & uses it to help break apart a larger molecule

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25
Q

Isomerase

A

Neither catabolic or anabolic. Rearranges the atoms of a single molecule

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26
Q

Ligase or Polymerase

A

Anabolic enzyme. Joins two or more chemicals together

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27
Q

Lyase

A

Catabolic enzyme. Splits a chemical into smaller parts without using water

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28
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another

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29
Q

Transferase

A

May be anabolic. Moving a functional group from one molecule to another.

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30
Q

A- + B –> A + B-

A

Oxidoreductases

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31
Q

A - B + C –> A + B - C

A

Transferases

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32
Q

A - B + H2O –> A - H + B - OH

A

Hydrolases

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33
Q

X Y

A - B –> A = B + X - Y

A

Lyases

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34
Q

X Y Y X

A - B –> A - B

A

Isomerases

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35
Q

A + B –> A - B

A

Ligases

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36
Q

Enzymes can be simple or _______

A

Holoenzymes

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37
Q

Enzymes that contain both a protein portion (Apoenzyme) and a nonprotein portion (cofactor)

A

Holoenzymes

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38
Q

Enzymes that consist of protein alone

A

simple enzymes

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39
Q

Enzymes that are transported to the outside of the cell where they can have their function

A

Exoenzymes

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40
Q

Enzymes that are produced and retained inside the cell

A

Endoenzymes

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41
Q

Enzymes that are always present in an active form

A

Constitutive enzymes

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42
Q

Enzymes that are either not always present or have to be turned on

A

Regulated enzymes

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43
Q

Two main types of cellular reactions

A

Synthese or condensation reactions
AND
Hydrolysis Reactions or degradation reactions

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44
Q

Catabolic reaction that requires the input of water to break down substrates into smaller molecules

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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45
Q

Anabolic reactions that requires ATP to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules. Releases one water molecule for each bond formed

A

Synthesis (or Condensation) reactions

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46
Q

As conditions get further away from optimum temperature and pH ranges for enzymes

A

Enzymes activity slows down and denaturation of the enzymes occurs

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47
Q

can be in the form of drugs or toxins. Mimic the substrate and compete for the active site of particular enzymes

A

Competitive Inhibitor

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48
Q

Allosteric Regulators

A

effector molecules that binds to the allosteric site on an enzyme and changes the shape of the active site; and be allosteric inhibition or allosteric activation

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49
Q

Transfer of electrons from one molecule to the other

A

Oxidation/Reduction (Redox) reactions

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50
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons (hydrogens)

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51
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons (hydrogens)

52
Q

Sample Redox Reaction - what is happening, what was oxidized, what was reduced?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + H2O + Energy

A

Aerobic Respiration
Glucose is oxidized–> Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen is reduced –> water

53
Q

Two electron carriers involved in catabolic pathways (oxidized & reduced forms)

A

Reduced : NADH & FADH2

Oxidized: NAD+ & FAD or FADH

54
Q

Electron carrier for parabolic pathways

A

Reduced: NADPH
Oxidized: NAD+

55
Q

2 mechanisms of ATP formation

A

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation

56
Q

Draw the flowchart of Aerobic Respiration

A

Draw

57
Q

Krebs Cycle Primary Reaction

A

Acetyl-CoA (2C) + Oxaloacetate (4C) –> Citrate (6C)

58
Q

From one molecule of glucose

A

Glycolysis (EMP): 2 ATP 2 NADH
Transition Rxn: 2 NADH
Kreb’s Cycle: 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH

Total = 4 ATP 10 NADH 2 FADH

= 4 SUBTRATE ATP, 34 OXIDATIVE ATP, 38 TOTAL

59
Q

High energy electrons are shuttles through a chain of electron carriers until they are lower energy to its terminal electron acceptor

A

Electron Transport Chain

60
Q

In Eukaryotes the ETC takes place in____________

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

61
Q

In Prokaryotes the ETC takes place in the ____________

A

Plasma Membrane

62
Q

Energy released from electron transfer is used by _________ to produce _________ through ____________.

A

ATP Synthase; ATP; Oxidative Phosphorylation

63
Q

In Chemiosmosis hydrogen ions (protons) are driven to the endoplasmic space creating an

A

Electro-chemical gradient

64
Q

In ETC as higher number of protons are moved across membrane the outside becomes more

A

Acidic and positively charged

65
Q

Drives the hydrogen ions through ATP synthase (oxidative phosphorylative event)

A

Proton Motive Force

66
Q

Most common terminal electron acceptor in Anaerobic respiration

A

Nitrate, Sulfate, Carbonate

67
Q

Falcultative Anaerobes

A

Are anaerobic when oxygen is not available

68
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Only carry out anaerobic respiration. Do not have aerobic respiration transport system because oxygen is toxic to them

69
Q

Incomplete oxidation of glucose molecule in the absence of oxygen

A

Fermentation

70
Q

Common byproducts of Fermentation

A

Ethanol, butanol, lactate, formate

71
Q

Yields only small amounts of ATP therefore unicellular organisms may be able to rely on this but multicellular organisms this happens nut only for short amounts of time

A

Fermentation

72
Q

Themes of Fermentation

A

Electron acceptor is usually pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative
NADH becomes oxidized and is used back during Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation (ATP Synthase) does not operate so only substrate ATP is produced (much less)

73
Q

Main thing to know about Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is electron acceptor. NADH formed in Glycolysis donates electron to pyruvate and NAD returns to pathway. SUBSTRATE ATP will continue to be produced.

74
Q

The byproducts of Fermentation depend on

A

The enzymes possessed by the microbes and therefore the fermenration pathways that will follow

75
Q

Types of fermentation

A

Alcoholic Fermentation
Acidic Fermentation
Mixed Acid Fermentation

76
Q

Production of ethanol & carbon dioxide

  • predominantly done by yeasts
  • for beverages and breads
A

Alcoholic Fermentation

77
Q

Production of lactate

- produced yogurt, sauerkraut, cheese

A

Acidic Fermentation

78
Q

Production of multiple byproducts through multiple Fermentation pathways

A

Mixed Acid Fermentation

79
Q

Role of Lipase

A

Cuts fatty acid chains from glycerol molecules

80
Q

Each turn of the Fatty Acid Cylce generates:

A

1 Acetyl CoA
1 NADH
1 FADH2

81
Q

1 turn of the Krebs Cycle generates

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

82
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes secreted outside the cell to break down protein molecules into individual amino acids

83
Q

Deamination

A

After protein molecules are broken down into individual amino acids. AAs are brought into cell and amine group (nitrogen group) is removed.

84
Q

What pathway is the following intermediate found?

Ribose 5 Phosphate

A

Pentose-phosphate pathway

85
Q

2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate

A

Entner-deudoroff pathway

86
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Krebs Cycle

87
Q

Erythrose-4-phosphate

A

Pentose-phosphate pathway

88
Q

During _______ NADPH donates an electron to the anabolic reaction

A

biosynthesis

89
Q

If a molecule gains electrons it has been

A

reduced

90
Q

If a molecule loses electrons it has been

A

oxidized

91
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Lipid Catabolism - triglyceride is broken down and enters the fatty acid cycle

92
Q

If 18 hydrocarbon fatty acid was catabolized how many NADH would be produced from the fatty acid cycle?

A

9

93
Q

Amphibolic

A

bi-directional pathways

94
Q

Reverse of EMP pathway

A

Gluconeogenesis

95
Q

Anabolic reactions require and energy source

A

coupled to ATP

96
Q

Biosynthetic pathways require and electron source, that is

A

NADPH

97
Q

many enzymes that are used in catabolism are also used in anabolism meaning they are

A

Amphibolic

98
Q

An allosteric inhibitor bind to the_____ and does what?

A

allosteric site; alters the shape of the active site

99
Q

How much NADH is produced in the EMP pathway?

A

2 NADH

100
Q

How much substrate ATP is produced in the EMP pathway?

A

2 ATP

101
Q

What is the net yield ATP produced from one molecule of Glucose?

A

38 ATP

102
Q

Initial substrate of Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A

Glucose

103
Q

Final Products of Entner Doudoroff Pathway

A

Pyruvate (goes to transition rxn or fermentation) & G3P (goes to second half of glycolysis)

104
Q

Initial substrate of Transition reaction

A

Pyruvate

105
Q

Final product of Transition reaction

A

Acetyl CoA

Also produced 1 NADH & 1 CO2 is released

106
Q

For each Acetyl CoA oxidized the Krebs cycle generates

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

107
Q

Intermediates of EMP Pathway in order

A

Glucose –> Glucose-6-Phosphate –> Fructose-6-Phosphate –> Fructose-1,6-diphosphate –> 1 G3P & 1 DHAP (converts to 2nd G3P) –> 2 Pyruvates

108
Q

DHAP is converted to G3P through the

A

Fatty Acid Cycle

109
Q

organic compounds are the final electron acceptors

A

In fermentation

110
Q

Serves as the electron acceptor in fermentation

A

Pyruvate or pyruvate derivative

111
Q

3 pathway options for Glycolysis

A

Embden-Meyhoff-Parnas Pathway
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Cycle

112
Q

Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA in the

A

Transition Reaction

113
Q

Acetyl-CoA is Oxidized in the

A

Krebs Cycle

114
Q

Generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron Transport Chain

115
Q

Net Yield of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A

2 pyruvates
1 ATP
1 NADH
1 NADPH

116
Q

Intermediates of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A 
Glucose -->
Glucose 6-phosphate -->
6-phosphogluconate -->
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate -->
Pyruvate & G3P
117
Q

Metabolites of Pentose Phosphate Pathway - used in biosynthesis

A

NADPH
Ribose-5-phosphate
Erythrose-4-Phosphate

118
Q

Intermediates of Pentose Phosphate Pathway - feed to the EMP pathway

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
Fructose-6-Phosphate
Glucose-6-Phosphate

119
Q

Proteases are used in

A

Protein catabolism (deamination process)

120
Q

During fermentation NADH donates an electron to the electron transport chain (T/F)

A

False-

During fermentation NADH donates an electron to pyruvate

121
Q

Amino acids that are chemically bonded together to form a protein would be completed by a

A

Ligase

122
Q

The steps of anaerobic Electron Transport chain in order:

A
  1. NADH is oxidized
  2. Ubiquinone & cytochromes transfer an electron
  3. Protons are pumped to the periplasmic space
  4. Sulfate is reduced to H2S
123
Q

Characteristics of anabolic reactions

A
  • Endergonic
  • Include dehydration reactions
  • involve the production of cell membrane constituents
124
Q

Characteristics of catbolic reactions

A
  • breaks large molecules into smaller ones
  • exergonic
  • Includes hydrolytic reactions
125
Q

Coenzymes are

A

Organic cofactors

126
Q

Ribozymes process

A

RNA molecules on eukaryotes

127
Q

The fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules?

A

2 ATP

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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