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AU Microbiology > Mod 3 Virology > Flashcards

Mod 3 Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

acellular infectious agents

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Viruses exist in two phases:

A
  1. Active intracellular

2. Dormant Extracellular

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3
Q

A virus particle that contains DNA or RNA in a protective protein coat

A

Virion

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4
Q

viruses are dependent upon host ribosomes, enzymes, & metabolites meaning they are

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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5
Q

Are viruses living or non-living cells

A

non-living

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6
Q

TRUE/FALSE Genome of viruses can contain both DNA & RNA nucleic acids

A

False- will contain either DNA or RNA nucleic acids - not both

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7
Q

Viruses are (larger/smaller) than bacterial cells

A

smaller

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8
Q

Protein coat that encloses and protects the viral genome

A

Capsid

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9
Q

The capsid & nucleic acid together are called

A

Nucleocapsid

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10
Q

Protein coat is composed of repeating protein subunits called

A

Protomers & (sometimes) Capsomeres

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11
Q

Individual protein subunits that make up the capsid layer

A

Protomers

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12
Q

In more complex viral structures a group of 5 or 6 protomers may create a secondary structure within the capsid structure called

A

Capsomeres

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13
Q

an external covering surrounding the capsid layer of some viral organisms

A

Envelope

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14
Q

looks like a plasma membrane but does not function as one.

A

Envelope

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15
Q

Naked Virus

A

virus that does not have the phospholipid bilayer envelope

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16
Q

Function of the envelope

A

aids in binding to a host cell and allowing genome to gain entry to host cell

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17
Q

Envelope is derived from

A

the host cell membrane during release

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18
Q

Unique protein spikes that protrude from capsid through envelope

A

Peplomers

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19
Q

Give the virus functions of adherence or enzymatic activites

A

Spikes (peplomers)

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20
Q

Molecular differences in spikes can vary between viruses as well as between mutations of the same virus giving it different features

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Adherence spike of Influenza

A

Hemagglutinase (causes clumping of RBCs)

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22
Q

Cleavage spike of Influenza

A

Neuraminidase (can help with entry but primarily allows release of virion from host cell)

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23
Q

Two basic structural types of virions

A

Helical & Polyhedral (Icosahedral)

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24
Q

protomers form a cylindrical nucleocapsid

A

Helical virion

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25
Q

20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 vertices

A

Icosahedral Virion

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26
Q

Edges and vertices of Icosahedral virions are formed by

A

capsomeres

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27
Q

Atypical viruses that have a shape that don’t fit into the Icosehedral or Helical classification

A

Complex viruses

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28
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophages

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29
Q

Virus the looks like a robot spider; consists of an Icosehedral shaped head, a helical shaped body, and protein tail fibers

A

bacteriophages

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30
Q

Viral genome classifications

A

(ds)DNA, (ss)DNA, (ds)RNA, or (ss)RNA

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31
Q

Number of genes carried by viruses

A

10 to 100s (compared to 25,000 in human cell)

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32
Q

Have the ability to be immediately translated by the host ribosomes to start producing proteins

A

+(ss)RNA

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33
Q

must be transcribed before translation can occur

A

-(ss)RNA - must be transcribed to +(ss)RNA

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34
Q

RNA viruses must carry in their own ______

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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35
Q

Stages of animal virus replication

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
36
Q

stage in which animal virus gains attachment to specific molecule on the hot cell (may use viral spikes)

A

Adsorption

37
Q

stage in which viral genome gains entry to host cell

A

Penetration

38
Q

stage in which viral capsid layer is removed to free genome and allow for synthesis

A

Uncoating

39
Q

stage in which viral components are produced (viral proteins & replication of genome)

A

Synthesis

40
Q

Assembles viruses get back out of the cell during

A

Release

41
Q

Viral particles begin to accumulate on surface of host cell during

A

Adsorption

42
Q

Host Range

A

which type of hosts a virus has the ability to infect due to the specific molecular interactions of the tissue types

43
Q

Tissue specificity that a virus has the ability to infect

A

Tropisms

44
Q

Virion penetrates the host plasma membrane and releases the genome in the cytoplasm in one of 3 ways:

A

Direct penetration
Fusion
Endocytosis

45
Q

Virus adheres to host and penetrates plasma membrane and viral genome is injected to host cell leaving empty capsid

A

direct penetration

46
Q

envelope of virus merges with hot membrane and results in nucleocapsid release into the cytoplasm

A

Fusion

47
Q

virus is engulfed in a vesicle by the plasma memrane

A

Endocytosis (can be enveloped or non-enveloped)

48
Q

Two major events that must occur in synthesis

A

Synthesis of viral proteins (structural & functional proteins)
Replication of the RNA or DNA genome

49
Q

Synthesizes similarly to host cell replication and gene expression using host DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase

A

dsDNA

50
Q

must produce a new complementary strand of DNA to synthesize

A

ssDNA

*uses the host DNA polymerase to form a dsDNA molecule

51
Q

in order for +ve ssRNA to create a genome first

A

it must be transcribed into -ve ssRNA

52
Q

process for +ve ssRNA to make viral proteins

A

it can be directly read by the host ribosomes

53
Q

_______ acts as a template to make +ve ssRNA genome

A

-ve ssRNA

54
Q

contain both + and - side

A

dsRNA

55
Q

these viruses used a DNA molecule as an intermediary

A

Retroviruses

56
Q

Unique enzyme that reads the RNA genome to form viral DNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

57
Q

This enzyme is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

A

Reverse transcriptase

58
Q

viruses that incorporate themselves into the host DNA and wait for host activation events

A

Retroviruses

59
Q

Genome inserts into the developing capsid structure; this is similar for naked and enveloped virions

A

Assembly

60
Q

This happens can happen through Lysis or budding

A

Release

61
Q

non-enveloped virion method of release

A

Lysis

62
Q

These proteins form little holes in the host cell making it weak

A

viral lysis factors

63
Q

once they have assembled the virus embeds itself in the host membrane using the viral spikes. as they move off they take a piece of the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis or budding

64
Q

relatively short time onset viral infection (7-14 days)

A

Acute infections

65
Q

long term infection. Virion particles are always detectable at lease in low amounts

A

Chronic infections

66
Q

these organisms remain dormant in the body for an extended period of time

A

Latent Infections

67
Q

Hepes simplex virus and & Herpes zoster virus are examples of

A

Latent infections

68
Q

cancer causing viruses

A

Oncogenic viruses (aka oncoviruses)

69
Q

these enter a hosts cell and then alter the genes in the host cell through transformation of the cell

A

Oncogenic viruses

70
Q

Viral genes inserted in host cell chromosome and alter the normal cell cycle regulation

A

TRUE

71
Q

Genes that regulate a host cell cycle - promoting cell division

A

Protooncogenes

72
Q

Genes that regulate a host cell cycle - prevent cell division

A

Repressors (tumor-supressor genes)

73
Q

have a similar replication cycle as viruses, ONLY infect prokaryotic bacteria cells

A

Bacteriaphage (phage)

74
Q

Multiplication stages of Phage

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
75
Q

Release of phage is a result of ______ induced by viral enzymes and accumulation of viruses. Referred to as the ______

A

cell lysis; lytic cycle

76
Q

Phage that undergoes adsorption and penetration but don’t replicate

A

Temperate Phages

77
Q

viral genome of _____ phage inserts itself into the bacterial host genome becoming _______

A

Temperate; prophage

78
Q

Once phage becomes prophage it does not complete the _____ cycle until ______

A

lytic; Induction

79
Q

Silent infection stage

A

Lysogeny

80
Q

During normal cell division of a bacterial cell infected with prophage, prophage genome is also being copied

A

True

81
Q

Two cycles of temperate phage

A

lysogenic, lytic

82
Q

activation of lysogenic prophage to enter the lyric cycle and complete viral replication and cell lysis

A

Induction

83
Q

bacteria that phage has infected has converted from non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic

A

Lysogenic conversion

84
Q

Methods of Virus Cultivation

A
  • Bird embryo/ ferilized bird eggs

- Cell (tissue) cultures - bacteria, plant, animal

85
Q

If viruses won’t grow in a cell or fertilized bird egg ____________ may be required

A

Live animal inoculation

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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