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AU Microbiology > Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are external structures of prokaryotic cells?

A

flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsule & slime layer

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2
Q

What makes up the cell envelope of prokaryotic cells?

A

cell wall & membrane

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3
Q

internal structures of prokaryotic cells

A

cytoplasmic matrix, ribosomes, inclusions, chromosomes, actin cytoskeleton & endospore

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4
Q

Function of flagella

A

motility (movement)

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5
Q

Function of fimbriae

A

adhesion to other cells and surfaces

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6
Q

Virulence Factor

A

characteristic required for an organism to be pathogenic

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7
Q

Pili (sex pilus) AKA _______ ______

A

Conjunction Tubes

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8
Q

Pili are made of

A

Pilin protein

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9
Q

Rigid large tubes that join bacterial cells together and allow transfer of genetic material

A

Pili (Conjunction tubes)

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10
Q

3 parts of flagella

A

filament, hook, basal body

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11
Q

long, thin, helical structure composed of protein

A

filament (part of flagella)

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12
Q

curved sheath (part of flagella)

A

hook

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13
Q

stack of protein rings that anchor flagella to cell wall & plasma membrane

A

basal body

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14
Q

bacteria move in response to external stimuli in the form of _____ & _____

A

light stimuli & chemical stimuli

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15
Q

chemical stimuli

A

chemotaxis

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16
Q

light stimuli

A

phototaxis

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17
Q

direction of flagella rotation determines

A

runs & tumbles

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18
Q

runs

A

counterclockwise flagellar rotation & results in a smooth linear direction

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19
Q

Tumbles

A

clockwise rotation of flagella & results in no net gain of movement

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20
Q

long runs and short tumbles means

A

stimulant is present

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21
Q

long tumbles and short runs means

A

no stimulant is present

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22
Q

endoflagella (periplasmic flagella)

A

flagella is encased between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

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23
Q

Axial Filament

A

collection of endoflagella

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24
Q

rotation of endoflagella results in

A

entire organism corkscrews = spirochete

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25
Q

which is longer? pili or fimbriae

A

Pili

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26
Q

Glycocalyx composed of:

A

polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

27
Q

Two types of glycocalyx

A
  1. Capsule 2. Slime Layer
28
Q

All organisms produce a glycocalyx (true/false)

29
Q

Biofilms

A

colonization of bacteria on medical devices

30
Q

Function of glycocalyx

A

prevents phagocytosis by immune system. Masks bacteria from immune system contributing to it’s pathogeny.

31
Q

2 layers of cell envelope

A
  1. cell wall (superior) 2. plasma membrane (inferior)
32
Q

Plasma membrane composed of:

A

phospholipids, protein, sterol-like molecules (hopenoids in bacteria)

33
Q

In prokaryotes, the plasma membrane is the site for ______ _______

A

Electron transport

34
Q

Phospholipids are composed of:

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, & 1 phosphate group

35
Q

Amphipathic

A

contains polar & non-polar regions

36
Q

Polar regions

A

hydrophilic & face toward outside or cytoplasm

37
Q

Non-polar regions

A

hydrophobic & face each other

38
Q

cell wall function - determines:

A
  1. cell shape 2. structural support 3.prevents cell lysis
39
Q

macromolecule the forms cell wall of bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

40
Q

peptidoglycan is composed of

A

repeating long glycan chains cross linked by short peptide fragments

41
Q

alternating glycan chains in pedtidoglycan are:

A

NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) & NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)

42
Q

Gram Stain determines is bacteria is _____ or ______

A

gram-positive or gram-negative

43
Q

Has a thin peptidoglycan wall

A

gram-negative bacteria

44
Q

Has a think peptidoglycan wall

A

gram-positive bacteria

45
Q

NAG & NAM are linked together by:

A

tetrapeptide crossbridges & glycine interbridges

46
Q

Layers of Gram Positive cell wall

A

thick peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

47
Q

Layers of Gram Negative cell wall

A

outer membrane, periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

48
Q

teichoic acid function

A
  • anchor peptidoglycan to cytoplasmic membrane

- regulate cation movement in/out of cells

49
Q

Two layers of gram negative outer membrane

A
  • Inner leaflet - phospholipids

- Outer leaflet - lipolysaccharides (lps) & phospholipids

50
Q

Porins

A

integral proteins in outer membrane that allow for passage of molecules

51
Q

Outer membrane function

A

protects bacteria cell - blocks detergents, antibiotics, enzymes so they are less effective on gram-negative bacteria

52
Q

3 parts of Lipoplysaccharides (LPS)

A
  • repeating O antigen
  • core oligosaccharides
  • Lipid A - fatty acids
53
Q

When antibiotics break down gram negative bacteria cells this can be released and cause a deadly immune response

A

Lipid A (endotoxin)

54
Q

Examples of response caused by release of lipopolysaccarides (LPS)

A

vasodilation, inflammation, blood clot, shock

55
Q

Species that contains mycolic acid

A

Mycobacterium

56
Q

Species that lacks a cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

57
Q

Acid fast stain

A

Mycobacterium are acid fast because stain gets into the cell wall due to long mycolic acid carbon chains and cannot be remove by alcohol decolorizor

58
Q

Mycobacterium

A
  1. Lack peptioglycan cell wall

2. Pleomorphic

59
Q

Primary stain in gram staining process

A

Crystal violet

60
Q

Counterstain in gram staining process

61
Q

Steps of gram staining process

A
  1. Crystal violet 2. Gram’s Iodine 3. Alcohol (decolorizer) 4. Safranin (red dye)
62
Q

Stained red at the end of gram staining process

A

Gram negative

63
Q

Stained purple at the end of the gram staining process

A

Gram positive

64
Q

Species associated with acid-fast stain

A

Mycobacterium spp. and Nocardia spp.

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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