Module 1

Question 1

Inconsistent implementation of condition protocols refers to which threat to internal validity?

Answer 1

Procedural Infidelity

Question 2

Which level of scientific understanding includes observation and accurate description of phenomena?

Answer 2

Description

Question 3

Which level of scientific understanding refers to observing the correlation between two variables?

Answer 3

Prediction

Question 4

Which level of scientific understanding refers to reliable change produced by change in the independent variable?

Answer 4

Control

Question 5

Single case research design differs from group design in that the participant serves as their own:

Answer 5

Control

Question 6

Articles in which researchers report the findings of original research are:

Answer 6

Primary Research

Question 7

Articles in which the authors summarize the findings of other researchers are:

Answer 7

Review Articles

Question 8

Articles that report statistical analyses from existing research are:

Answer 8

Meta Analyses

Question 9

Research

Answer 9

the systematic investigation and manipulation of variables to identify associations and understand processes that occur in typical contexts

Question 10

Applied Research

Answer 10

• systematic investigation related to the pursuit of knowledge in practical realms or to solve real-world problems
• most interested in determining the relation between independent and dependent variables
• focuses on specific problems of learning and reinforcement in schools, clinic, and communities while also making a direct impact on clients and consumers

Question 11

single case designs (SCDs)

Answer 11

• a quantitative experimental research approach where study participants serve as their own control
• well suited to answer applied problems that have been acknowledged for decades

Question 12

internal validity

Answer 12

when studies ensure that outcomes are related to your intervention procedures rather than extraneous factors

Question 13

experimental control

Answer 13

shows that the experimental procedures (intervention) and only the experimental procedures are responsible for the behavior change

Question 14

functional relation

Answer 14

when the change in the dependent variable is causally related to the implementation of the independent variable

Question 15

evidence-based practice

Answer 15

intervention procedures that have been scientifically verified as being effective for changing specific behaviors

Question 16

practice (as it relates to education)

Answer 16

a curriculum, behavioral intervention, systems change, or educational approach designed to be used by families. educators, or students with the expectation that implementation will result in measurable educational, social, behavioral, or physical benefit

Question 17

the research method should dtermine:

Answer 17

the research method (group, single, qualitative) and design chosen

Question 18

reliability

Answer 18

the consistency of defining target behaviors clearly and concisely that was two observers consistently agree on scoring

Question 19

replication

Answer 19

is at the heart of the scientific method

Question 20

experimental studies include:

Answer 20

A) description of the target behavior
B) predictions regarding the impact the independent variable will have on the dependent variable
C) appropriate tests to see if the predictions are correct

Question 21

threats to internal validity

Answer 21

variables other than the planned independent variable that could result in changes in the dependent variable

Question 22

quasi-experimental group design studies

Answer 22

do not use random assignment of participants but other strategies to control for differences (counterbalancing techniques or participant matching)

Question 23

nomothetic research approaches

Answer 23

• generally based in natural sciences

- attempts to explain associations that can be generalized to a group given certain characteristics

Question 24

idiographic approaches

Answer 24

• common in the humanities
• attempt to specify associations that vary based on certain characteristics or contingencies present for the participants or case of interest

Question 25

qualitative research

Answer 25

an umbrella term that refers to descriptive research approaches that investigate the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials

Question 26

case study approaches

Answer 26

entails an in-depth and detailed description of one or more cases

Question 27

ethnography

Answer 27

the study of culture where the investigator unobtrusively observes people in their natural setting without an attempt to influence their behavior or event

Question 28

phenomenology

Answer 28

the study of people’s reactions and perceptions of a particular event or situation

Question 29

deductive analysis

Answer 29

when a hypothesis is formulated prior to conducting a study to test a theory

Question 30

inductive analysis

Answer 30

when researchers collect data and describe themes or trends in the data without offering a theory

Question 31

validity

Answer 31

accuracy

Question 32

baseline logic

Answer 32

when participants serve as their own control

Question 33

history

Answer 33

events that occur during an experiment but are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome

Question 34

maturation

Answer 34

changes in behavior due to the passage of time

Question 35

testing

Answer 35

a threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly

Question 36

facilitative effect

Answer 36

an improvement in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions

Question 37

inhibitive effect

Answer 37

a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions

Question 38

instrumentation threats

Answer 38

threats that refer to the concerns of the measurement system

Question 39

procedural infidelity

Answer 39

the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers

Question 40

selection bias

Answer 40

choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of interest

Question 41

attrition

Answer 41

the likelihood that participant loss impacts the outcome of the study

Question 42

when attrition occurs, you should always:

Answer 42

A) explicitly report

B) include any data for that participant in your research report

Question 43

sampling bias

Answer 43

occurs in SCD studies when researchers use additional non-explicated reasons for including or excluding potential participants

Question 44

multiple-treatment interference

Answer 44

when a study participant’s behavior is influenced by more than one planned treatment or intervention during the course of a study

Question 45

sequential confounding

Answer 45

when the order that experimental conditions are introduced to participants influences their behavior

Question 46

instability

Answer 46

the amount of variability in the data over time

Question 47

cyclical variability

Answer 47

a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over time

Question 48

data stability

Answer 48

variability

Question 49

regression to the mean

Answer 49

the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back to levels closer to the average value

Question 50

adaptation

Answer 50

a period of time at the start of an investigation where participants’ recorded behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions that the data are collected

Question 51

Hawthorne effect

Answer 51

participants’ observed behavior not being representative of their natural behavior as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment