Module 1 Flashcards
Inconsistent implementation of condition protocols refers to which threat to internal validity?
Procedural Infidelity
Which level of scientific understanding includes observation and accurate description of phenomena?
Description
Which level of scientific understanding refers to observing the correlation between two variables?
Prediction
Which level of scientific understanding refers to reliable change produced by change in the independent variable?
Control
Single case research design differs from group design in that the participant serves as their own:
Control
Articles in which researchers report the findings of original research are:
Primary Research
Articles in which the authors summarize the findings of other researchers are:
Review Articles
Articles that report statistical analyses from existing research are:
Meta Analyses
Research
the systematic investigation and manipulation of variables to identify associations and understand processes that occur in typical contexts
Applied Research
- systematic investigation related to the pursuit of knowledge in practical realms or to solve real-world problems
- most interested in determining the relation between independent and dependent variables
- focuses on specific problems of learning and reinforcement in schools, clinic, and communities while also making a direct impact on clients and consumers
single case designs (SCDs)
- a quantitative experimental research approach where study participants serve as their own control
- well suited to answer applied problems that have been acknowledged for decades
internal validity
when studies ensure that outcomes are related to your intervention procedures rather than extraneous factors
experimental control
shows that the experimental procedures (intervention) and only the experimental procedures are responsible for the behavior change
functional relation
when the change in the dependent variable is causally related to the implementation of the independent variable
evidence-based practice
intervention procedures that have been scientifically verified as being effective for changing specific behaviors
practice (as it relates to education)
a curriculum, behavioral intervention, systems change, or educational approach designed to be used by families. educators, or students with the expectation that implementation will result in measurable educational, social, behavioral, or physical benefit
the research method should dtermine:
the research method (group, single, qualitative) and design chosen
reliability
the consistency of defining target behaviors clearly and concisely that was two observers consistently agree on scoring
replication
is at the heart of the scientific method
experimental studies include:
A) description of the target behavior
B) predictions regarding the impact the independent variable will have on the dependent variable
C) appropriate tests to see if the predictions are correct
threats to internal validity
variables other than the planned independent variable that could result in changes in the dependent variable
quasi-experimental group design studies
do not use random assignment of participants but other strategies to control for differences (counterbalancing techniques or participant matching)
nomothetic research approaches
- generally based in natural sciences
- attempts to explain associations that can be generalized to a group given certain characteristics
idiographic approaches
- common in the humanities
- attempt to specify associations that vary based on certain characteristics or contingencies present for the participants or case of interest
qualitative research
an umbrella term that refers to descriptive research approaches that investigate the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials
case study approaches
entails an in-depth and detailed description of one or more cases
ethnography
the study of culture where the investigator unobtrusively observes people in their natural setting without an attempt to influence their behavior or event
phenomenology
the study of people’s reactions and perceptions of a particular event or situation
deductive analysis
when a hypothesis is formulated prior to conducting a study to test a theory
inductive analysis
when researchers collect data and describe themes or trends in the data without offering a theory
validity
accuracy
baseline logic
when participants serve as their own control
history
events that occur during an experiment but are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome
maturation
changes in behavior due to the passage of time
testing
a threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly
facilitative effect
an improvement in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions
inhibitive effect
a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation sessions
instrumentation threats
threats that refer to the concerns of the measurement system
procedural infidelity
the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers
selection bias
choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts the inclusion or retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of interest
attrition
the likelihood that participant loss impacts the outcome of the study
when attrition occurs, you should always:
A) explicitly report
B) include any data for that participant in your research report
sampling bias
occurs in SCD studies when researchers use additional non-explicated reasons for including or excluding potential participants
multiple-treatment interference
when a study participant’s behavior is influenced by more than one planned treatment or intervention during the course of a study
sequential confounding
when the order that experimental conditions are introduced to participants influences their behavior
instability
the amount of variability in the data over time
cyclical variability
a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over time
data stability
variability
regression to the mean
the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back to levels closer to the average value
adaptation
a period of time at the start of an investigation where participants’ recorded behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions that the data are collected
Hawthorne effect
participants’ observed behavior not being representative of their natural behavior as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment
