Chapter 10 Ledford

Question 1

time-lagged designs

Answer 1

class of designs well-suited for evaluating and demonstrating accountability in clinical and educational settings

Question 2

variations of time-lagged designs

Answer 2

• multiple baseline (MB)
• multiple probe (MP)

Question 3

continuous measurement

Answer 3

planned implementation and data collected during each opportunity or session

Question 4

intermittent measurement

Answer 4

planned absence of data collection during some opportunities or sessions

Question 5

concurrent measurement

Answer 5

data collection begins at the same time for all 3+ tiers

Question 6

when behaviors are functionally independent

Answer 6

introduction of the independent variable to one tier will not bring about change in other untreated tiers of the design

Question 7

when behaviors are functionally similar

Answer 7

the independent variable is likely to have the same or similar effect on each tier

Question 8

when behaviors are not functionally independent

Answer 8

behavioral covariation may occur
- begin intervention in first tier, behavior changes in two or more tiers

Question 9

inconsistent intervention effects

Answer 9

intervention appears to work in one or a few instances but not in others

Question 10

probe session

Answer 10

several probe trials clustered and presented over a short period of time

Question 11

probe condition

Answer 11

differs from a baseline condition only in that probe conditions don’t occur for the entire duration of pre-intervention for each tier

Question 12

two primary variations of MP design

Answer 12

• days variation: data are collected periodically for single session, and over a minimum of 3 days immediately prior to introduction of independent variable
• conditions variation: data are collected for 2 or more consecutive session

Question 13

MB and MP across behaviors advantages

Answer 13

• permit evaluation and demonstration of intra-participant direct replication
• MP provides a practical means for evaluating programs designed to teach academic and functional skills that are non-reversible once acquired
• MB provides a reasonable method for evaluation programs designed to improve social behaviors difficult to establish and inappropriate to reverse
• condition variation of MP design across behavior provides a paradigm for repeatedly monitoring progress over time
• allow research from across participants where one participant experiences a longer baseline condition

Question 14

limitations of MB and MP across behaviors

Answer 14

• for each participant, a minimum of 3 behaviors must be identified, each independent of the others yet responsive to the same independent variable
• all behaviors must be monitored repeatedly and concurrently
• prolonged baseline conditions can result in testing threats to internal validity

Question 15

stimulus conditions

Answer 15

can encompass the dimensions of time, instructional arrangement, activity, setting, control agent, or composition of peer group

Question 16

Advantages of MB and MP across contexts

Answer 16

• both permit an evaluation and demonstration of participant direct replication
• provide an experimental evaluation of interventions occurring in various contexts for the same participant

Question 17

limitations of MB and MP across contexts

Answer 17

• challenge of identifying contexts that are functionally independent
• difficulty with measuring behavior across multiple contexts
• increased likelihood of infidelity if a single implementer is used across contexts
• requirement to delay intervention in some contexts

Question 18

MB and MP designs across participants

Answer 18

• most commonly used variation of MB and MP designs
• well-suited for educational and clinical research when three or more individuals exhibit similar behavior excesses or deficits that require intervention

Question 19

advantages of MB and MP across participants

Answer 19

• demonstrate some degree of external validity

Question 20

limitations of MB and MP across participants

Answer 20

• need to identify and recruit thee participants that the same intervention is likely to be effective for the same dependent variable
• increased likelihood of inconsistent effects leading to loss of experimental control
• complexity of simultaneously measuring behaviors for three participants
• ethical and experimental concerns
• lack of intra-participant baseline conditions replication
• potential high risk of testing and maturation threats due to prolonged baseline conditions for some participants

Question 21

nonconcurrent (delayed) MB designs

Answer 21

• a group of A-B designs with varying amounts of time spent in A condition, beginning data collection in the first tier is not yoked with data collection in other tiers

Question 22

advantages of nonconcurrent MB design

Answer 22

• practical not experimental
• allows researchers to add participants who exhibit rare behaviors as they become available by implementing a series of A-B designs

Question 23

limitations of nonconcurrent MB design

Answer 23

although it may have more flexibility than traditional MB or MP designs, it doesn’t and can’t provide a convincing demonstration of experimental control