Chapter 8 Ledford

Question 1

visual analysis

Answer 1

systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of data patterns and evaluate presence of a functional relation

Question 2

Advantages of visual analysis

Answer 2

• can be used to evaluate data of individuals or small groups
• dynamic process meaning data are collected repeatedly, graphs as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
• focuses on analysis of individual data patterns, facilitating individualization rather than generalizations
• permits discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to research questions

Question 3

formative visual analysis

Answer 3

conducted within and across conditions to identify behavior change during the study

Question 4

behavior change

Answer 4

occurs when data patterns in one condition are different from data patterns in the subsequent adjacent condition for the same variables

Question 5

summative visual analysis

Answer 5

conducted following study completion to determine whether a functional relation exists

Question 6

adjacent conditions

Answer 6

when data in one condition differ from what is predicted based on the preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated

Question 7

within condition visual analyses

Answer 7

conducted to discern patterns within a single condition during study

Question 8

level

Answer 8

• the amount of behavior that occurs, as indicated by the ordinate scale value
• often the characteristic of the highest interest for behavior change

Question 9

trend

Answer 9

• the slope and direction of a data series or the direction data are moving over time
  
  • accelerating
  • decelerating
  • zero celerating
• steep or gradual

Question 10

between conditions visual analysis

Answer 10

identifies if behavior change has occurred

Question 11

a functional relation can be identified when

Answer 11

• there’s a sufficient number of potential demonstrations of effect (at least 3)
• visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data occur for all potential demonstrations

Question 12

functional relation can be confirmed when

Answer 12

• there’s a successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition
• similar conditions generate similar levels and trends within and across participants in a study

Question 13

you should visually inspect graphs for

Answer 13

• adequate number of data points
• clear patterns within conditions
• behavior change between adjacent conditions
• degree of overlap and immediacy of change in data patterns
• consistency of changes
• predicted patterns of change
• magnitude of change across conditions and cases

Question 14

split middle

Answer 14

tool used to estimate trend within conditions and compare trends between conditions
- most useful when within condition trends or between condition changes in trend are of primary interest and data show moderate or high variability within conditions

Question 15

stability envolopes

Answer 15

used to estimate stability in level or trend within conditions

Question 16

percentage of non-overlapping data

Answer 16

used to estimate level change between two adjacent conditions