Chapter 14 Ledford

Question 1

synthesis

Answer 1

reviewing results of similar studies and drawing broad conclusions about the state of the evidence

Question 2

meta-analysis

Answer 2

a way to synthesize outcomes
- a technique for encoding and analyzing the statistics that summarize research findings

Question 3

three reasons for careful consideration of using syntheses of outcomes across studies

Answer 3

• they are critical tools for guiding decision-making regarding evidence-based practices
• can be helpful in identifying variation in treatment effects in different contexts or different participants
• can contribute to advancements in SCD methodology

Question 4

research question steps

Answer 4

• participants
• intervention
• comparators
• outcomes
• study

Question 5

gray literature

Answer 5

conference abstracts, dissertations, theses

Question 6

coding steps

Answer 6

• identify what information should be coded at each level
• write and pilot a detailed coding manual’- code all studies using the coding manual
• summarize information

Question 7

data extraction

Answer 7

a multi-step process for determining and recording the x and y values of data points

Question 8

benefits of meta-analysis of SCD

Answer 8

• average treatment effects reported in primary studies can be estimated with greater power
• variation in the overall treatment effect between studies can be explored and explained

Question 9

effect size

Answer 9

an estimation of the overall magnitude of behavior change

Question 10

3 approaches for synthesizing SCDs

Answer 10

• comparing overlap across conditions
• comparing means across conditions
• modeling data patterns across conditions

Question 11

overlap metrics

Answer 11

• designed for use with visual analysis to describe the magnitude of intervention effectiveness
• measures the degree of non-overlap between adjacent conditions via pairwise comparisons or evaluations of overlap in the highest or lowest levels of a condition

Question 12

drawbacks of overlap metrics

Answer 12

• inconsistencies between overlap metrics and visual analysis are likely to occur given the failure of overlap metrics to account for all characteristics of data, magnitude of differences, or consistency of effects

Question 13

mean-based metrics

Answer 13

an alternative approach to synthesizing SCD outcomes that provide traditional standardized effect size measurements of the magnitude of behavior change

Question 14

log response ratio (LRR)

Answer 14

• a mean-based effect size index that quantifies the magnitude of behavior change between two adjacent conditions
• can be calculated for outcomes with positive (LRR increasing) or negative (LRR decreasing) valence