Modern MIddle East Flashcards
End of the Ottoman Empire
By the beginning of WWI, the empire was a fraction of its original size and by the end of the war it ceased to exist
As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, Turkey became independent and other parts of the empire were divided between Britain and France as protectorates
Kemal Attaturk aka Mustafa Kemal
modernized and westernized the newly independent Turkey
Muhammad Ali
sent by the Ottoman Empire to govern Egypt
Egypt after 1841
broke away from Ottoman control and fought a series of battles to gain control of Syria and Arabia
Isma’il Ali
Muhammad Ali’s grandson ruled Egypt in 1860s and 70s
Tried to modernize Egypt with irrigation and communication projects
Supported construction of the Suez Canal
Persia
(Iran & Afghanistan)
Russia and Britain competed for influence
Persia resisted British takeover but gave up claims to Afghanistan
Britain and Russia divided Persia into spheres of influence
Petroleum (oil) discovered there
Persia becomes Iran
After WWI, Britain tried to seize the Russian territory of Persia, which backfired and caused a nationalist revolt
Reza Pahlavi
Army officer in Persia who crowned himself Shah
Tried to modernize- public schools, roads, railroads, industry and women’s rights
Kept all power for himself like a dictator
changed persia to Iran
Muhammad Mossaddeq
Prime Minister of Iran
Led angry iranian nationalists
took over a British oil company and forced the shah to flee
Avatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Fundamentalist Islamic opposition leader in Iran
encouraged an overthrow of the Shah
Returned to Iran and formed a Theocracy
Iran-Iraq War
Iran- Shi’a
Iraq- Sunni - led by Saddam Hussein
8 year war, Muslim vs. Muslim
over 1 million died
Afghanistan
Independent of both U.S and USSR (nonaligned)
Afghan leaders leaned toward the USSR
A muslim revolt threatened to topple the soviet “puppet” communist govt in Afghanistan
Afghan War
soviet invasion of Afghanistan
opposed by mujahideen- who were guerilla fighters and anti communists, backed by the us
became like the soviet “Vietnam war”
ended when us put a wheat embargo on USSR and their Olympics were boycotted
Taliban
strict fundamentalist Muslim religious/political group
ruled Afghanistan for 5 years
banned women from work, school and daily life
anti western/modern culture
women had to wear burkah
movie theaters were shut down and and music and festivals were banned
humid karzai
afghan president and us ally
turkey
Greece invaded and were not stopped
Kemal attaturk led a nationalist revolt and overthrew the Greeks
modernized and westernized by attaturk
became a secular govt with European style democracy/constitution
more rights for women
increased industry and improved economy
Saudi Arabia
broke from Ottoman Empire during WWI
became a British protectorate
abd al-aziz ibn saud
ruler of Saudi Arabia
unified tribes and created Saudi Arabia
very strict and traditional
oil discovered there
steps in creation of Israel
- diaspora in 72 AD
- Theodore Herzl and the Zionist movement
- Balfour declaration OF 1917- British promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
- the holocaust- led to increase in Jewish migrants to Palestine
- on May 14, 1948 the UN split Palestine into Israel and Palestine
rejection of israel
on May 15, 1948, Palestinians rejected the UN solution and 6 Arab states invaded Israel
Israel recieved western support and defeated the Arab states
the 6 day war
Nasser tried to cut off access to the gulf of Aqaba and Israel attacked
Yom Kippur war
anwar Sadat from Egypt led Arab surprise attack on Israel
Arab loss
PLO
Palestinian liberation organization
led by yasir Arafat terrorist attacks against Israel by displaced Palestinians
intifada
“uprising”
civil disobedience campaign by Israeli Palestinians
camp David accords
president carter, anwar sadat and menachim begin(Israel)
Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist
other failed attempts at peace
Oslo accords
Dayton accords
proposition of creating two states
Iraq
saddam Hussein led a Ba’ath party revolution to overthrow the monarchy
Hussein became the secular leader and rules Iraq as a military dictator
the Persian gulf war
saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of stealing oil from Iraq
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990
a combined UN forced drove Iraq from Kuwait
results of Persian gulf war
Iraq was placed under several restrictions
Iraq prohibited from producing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
the nations arms facilities were subject to inspection by UN officials
2nd Iraq war
the us invaded Iraq because their proposed resolution was rejected by the UN
saddam Hussein removed from power and executed
obstacles to peace in the Middle East
conflicts between modern and traditional ideas women's rights religious conflicts environmental issues - water rights - oil drilling displaced people and refugees terrorism Israel Arab issues development of nuclear weapons
Arab spring
series of revolutions and civil protests throughout North Africa and the Middle East
revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya
in Egypt it was against long ruling dictator hosni Mubarak
in Libya it was against muammar gaddafi- ongoing civil war
bashar al-Assad
dictator in Syria
Ali Abdullah saleh
ruler of Yemen
civil uprising against him
announced his resignation within 30 days but has not yet
OPEC
organization of petroleum exporting countries
