Modern MIddle East

Question 1

End of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 1

By the beginning of WWI, the empire was a fraction of its original size and by the end of the war it ceased to exist
As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, Turkey became independent and other parts of the empire were divided between Britain and France as protectorates

Question 2

Kemal Attaturk aka Mustafa Kemal

Answer 2

modernized and westernized the newly independent Turkey

Question 3

Muhammad Ali

Answer 3

sent by the Ottoman Empire to govern Egypt

Question 4

Egypt after 1841

Answer 4

broke away from Ottoman control and fought a series of battles to gain control of Syria and Arabia

Question 5

Isma’il Ali

Answer 5

Muhammad Ali’s grandson ruled Egypt in 1860s and 70s
Tried to modernize Egypt with irrigation and communication projects
Supported construction of the Suez Canal

Question 6

Persia

Answer 6

(Iran & Afghanistan)
Russia and Britain competed for influence
Persia resisted British takeover but gave up claims to Afghanistan
Britain and Russia divided Persia into spheres of influence
Petroleum (oil) discovered there

Question 7

Persia becomes Iran

Answer 7

After WWI, Britain tried to seize the Russian territory of Persia, which backfired and caused a nationalist revolt

Question 8

Reza Pahlavi

Answer 8

Army officer in Persia who crowned himself Shah
Tried to modernize- public schools, roads, railroads, industry and women’s rights
Kept all power for himself like a dictator
changed persia to Iran

Question 9

Muhammad Mossaddeq

Answer 9

Prime Minister of Iran
Led angry iranian nationalists
took over a British oil company and forced the shah to flee

Question 10

Avatollah Ruholla Khomeini

Answer 10

Fundamentalist Islamic opposition leader in Iran
encouraged an overthrow of the Shah
Returned to Iran and formed a Theocracy

Question 11

Iran-Iraq War

Answer 11

Iran- Shi’a
Iraq- Sunni - led by Saddam Hussein
8 year war, Muslim vs. Muslim
over 1 million died

Question 12

Afghanistan

Answer 12

Independent of both U.S and USSR (nonaligned)
Afghan leaders leaned toward the USSR
A muslim revolt threatened to topple the soviet “puppet” communist govt in Afghanistan

Question 12

Afghan War

Answer 12

soviet invasion of Afghanistan
opposed by mujahideen- who were guerilla fighters and anti communists, backed by the us
became like the soviet “Vietnam war”
ended when us put a wheat embargo on USSR and their Olympics were boycotted

Question 13

Taliban

Answer 13

strict fundamentalist Muslim religious/political group
ruled Afghanistan for 5 years
banned women from work, school and daily life
anti western/modern culture
women had to wear burkah
movie theaters were shut down and and music and festivals were banned

Question 14

humid karzai

Answer 14

afghan president and us ally

Question 15

turkey

Answer 15

Greece invaded and were not stopped
Kemal attaturk led a nationalist revolt and overthrew the Greeks
modernized and westernized by attaturk
became a secular govt with European style democracy/constitution
more rights for women
increased industry and improved economy

Question 16

Saudi Arabia

Answer 16

broke from Ottoman Empire during WWI

became a British protectorate

Question 17

abd al-aziz ibn saud

Answer 17

ruler of Saudi Arabia
unified tribes and created Saudi Arabia
very strict and traditional
oil discovered there

Question 18

steps in creation of Israel

Answer 18

1. diaspora in 72 AD
2. Theodore Herzl and the Zionist movement
3. Balfour declaration OF 1917- British promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
4. the holocaust- led to increase in Jewish migrants to Palestine
5. on May 14, 1948 the UN split Palestine into Israel and Palestine

Question 19

rejection of israel

Answer 19

on May 15, 1948, Palestinians rejected the UN solution and 6 Arab states invaded Israel
Israel recieved western support and defeated the Arab states

Question 20

the 6 day war

Answer 20

Nasser tried to cut off access to the gulf of Aqaba and Israel attacked

Question 21

Yom Kippur war

Answer 21

anwar Sadat from Egypt led Arab surprise attack on Israel

Arab loss

Question 22

PLO

Answer 22

Palestinian liberation organization

led by yasir Arafat terrorist attacks against Israel by displaced Palestinians

Question 23

intifada

Answer 23

“uprising”

civil disobedience campaign by Israeli Palestinians

Question 24

camp David accords

Answer 24

president carter, anwar sadat and menachim begin(Israel)

Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist

Question 25

other failed attempts at peace

Answer 25

Oslo accords
Dayton accords
proposition of creating two states

Question 26

Iraq

Answer 26

saddam Hussein led a Ba’ath party revolution to overthrow the monarchy
Hussein became the secular leader and rules Iraq as a military dictator

Question 27

the Persian gulf war

Answer 27

saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of stealing oil from Iraq
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990
a combined UN forced drove Iraq from Kuwait

Question 28

results of Persian gulf war

Answer 28

Iraq was placed under several restrictions
Iraq prohibited from producing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
the nations arms facilities were subject to inspection by UN officials

Question 29

2nd Iraq war

Answer 29

the us invaded Iraq because their proposed resolution was rejected by the UN
saddam Hussein removed from power and executed

Question 30

obstacles to peace in the Middle East

Answer 30

conflicts between modern and traditional ideas
women's rights 
religious conflicts
environmental issues
- water rights 
- oil drilling
displaced people and refugees
terrorism
Israel Arab issues
development of nuclear weapons

Question 31

Arab spring

Answer 31

series of revolutions and civil protests throughout North Africa and the Middle East
revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya
in Egypt it was against long ruling dictator hosni Mubarak
in Libya it was against muammar gaddafi- ongoing civil war

Question 32

bashar al-Assad

Answer 32

dictator in Syria

Question 33

Ali Abdullah saleh

Answer 33

ruler of Yemen
civil uprising against him
announced his resignation within 30 days but has not yet

Question 34

OPEC

Answer 34

organization of petroleum exporting countries