Britain, Ireland & France

Question 1

Britain government

Answer 1

In 1815, Britain was a Constitutional Monarchy with two political parties, not very democratic at all, The House of Commons was elected but less than 5% of the male pop could vote.

Question 2

House of Lords

Answer 2

One of gov’t houses of Britain, was hereditary and made up of wealthy nobles. landlords and clergy, could veto any bill passed by the House of Commons

Question 3

Rotten Boroughs

Answer 3

rural British towns that had lost most of their population to migration to other cities during the Industrial Rev, but continued to have representatives in Parliament while growing cities like Manchester had no seats

Question 4

The Great Reform Act of 1832

Answer 4

Got rid of “rotten Boroughs”
Gave representation in Parliament to new industrial cities
Expanded the right to vote to approx. 20% of the male population but kept a property requirement
Gave the middle classes a greater representationn in Parliament

Question 5

Whigs & Tories

Answer 5

Whigs= political party representing middle class and business people
Tories= political party representing nobles, landlords, and agriculture

Question 6

The People’s Charter of 1838 (The Chartist Movement)

Answer 6

Workers began to press for more rights with the charter, which called for:
-universal male suffrage
-annual Parliament elections
-salaries for Parliamentarians
-the secret ballot aka the Australian ballot
At first these requests were ignored by Parliament, but by the 1880s most of the demands were accepted

Question 7

The Victorian Age

Answer 7

Period of time under Queen Victoria in which the British Empire reached the height of its power and size

Question 8

Queen Victoria

Answer 8

ruled as queen from 1837 to 1901 (the Victorian Age), had little real power, but embodied British values like duty, honesty, hard work, respect and manners
married to Albert, who died very young

Question 9

Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 9

Politician and Prime Minister in the 1860s that changed the “tories” into the modern Conservative Party and helped pass the Second Reform Act of 1867

Question 10

Second Reform Act of 1867

Answer 10

Expanded vote to 1 in 3 males over the age of 21

Question 11

William Gladstone

Answer 11

Politician and Prime Minister of 1870s and 80s who changed “whigs” into the Liberal Party, passed the Third Reform Act of 1884

Question 12

Third Reform Act of 1884

Answer 12

Expanded vote to 2 of 3 males over the age of 21

Question 13

Fourth Reform Act of 1918

Answer 13

Brought about by the outbreak of WWI, expanded the right to vote to ALL males over the age of 21, veterans over age 19 and females over 30

Question 14

Parliament Bill of 1911

Answer 14

removed the veto power of the House of Lords over tax bills passed by the House of Commons, the House of Lords could now only discuss and delay House bills, made the House of Commons the power”house”

Question 15

The “Corn” Laws

Answer 15

a series of protective tariffs on all forms of imported "corn" (grains), supported by British farmers because they kept prices high, opposed by the working class, merchants and free-traders because it hurt trade and made prices too high
Repealed in 1846 (a victory for the working class and capitalism)

Question 16

Women Demanding the Right to Vote

Answer 16

In 1890, no countries allowed women the right to vote. By 1900, New Zealand was the only one. By 1913, Australia, Finland and Norway.

Question 17

Emmeline Pankhurst

Answer 17

early leader of the British Women’s Rights Movement, encourages a more aggressive/violent form of activism including arson, vandalism, hunger strikes, and physical attacks on members of Parliament

Question 18

The “Irish Question”

Answer 18

Ireland was colonized by English and Scottish Protestant settlers, the Irish resisted British rule and resented absentee landlords who charged high rents for the land
They lived in desperate poverty and rebellions were common

Question 19

Daniel O’Connell

Answer 19

aka “the Liberator” Irish Catholic nationalist leader who campaigned for the repeal of unfair laws and improved rights and treatment of the Irish
wanted “Ireland for the Irish”
Leader of the Irish Catholic League

Question 20

The Irish Catholic League

Answer 20

Led by Daniel O’Connell

Held protests and rallies to get rid of unfair laws and gain improved rights

Question 21

The Catholic Emancipation Act

Answer 21

Passed by Parliament in 1829 in response to nationalist groups, gave Catholics the right to vote and hold political office, did not get rid of other unfair laws like eviction for unpaid rent and the ban of the teaching of Gaelic in schools

Question 22

Irish Potato Famine

Answer 22

Under British rule, 3/4 of Irish land was used for export crops (wheat)
The potato became the staple food for peasants
A potato Blight broke out, decreasing food supply and causing widespread famine- “The Great Hunger”
in 4 years, 1 million Irish peasants starved to death while landlords continued to export grain, 3 million migrated to the U.S, Canada and Austrailia
Enraged Irish pop, increased nationalism

Question 23

Charles Trevelyan

Answer 23

British official in charge of Irish relief, told the Irish to “depend on themselves rather than gov’t assistance”

Question 24

The Fenian Brotherhood

Answer 24

A militant Irish nationalist group that attempted to liberate Ireland by force

Question 25

Charles Stewart Parnell

Answer 25

Irish Parliamentarian who led other Parliamentarians to push for Home Rule

Question 26

Irish Home Rule Bill

Answer 26

Passed in 1914, but delayed by WWI until 1921

Gave Ireland statehood, but not independence

Question 27

The Easter Rising or “Bloody Sunday”

Answer 27

On Easter Sunday in 1916, militant Irish nationalist who were frustrated with the delay in the home rule bill launched a revolt. The British opened fire on them and killed and arrested all of them to suppress the rebellion

Question 28

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Answer 28

After Parliament failed to grant Home Rule, the IRA began a guerilla war against the British pushing for full independence

Question 29

The Irish Free-State or the Republic of Ireland & their independence

Answer 29

Catholic Southern regions of Ireland which became independent in 1922

Question 30

Ulster (Northern Ireland)

Answer 30

6 northern Irish countries where the majority of the population is Protestant, remained under British control while southern Ireland gained independence

Question 31

Napoleon III

Answer 31

nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who created the 2nd French Empire

Question 32

The 2nd French Empire

Answer 32

was supposed to be a constitutional monarchy, but was really a dictatorship under Napoleon III
Was supposed to restore order to France and promised to help the poor

Question 33

Actions of Napoleon III

Answer 33

• appointed his cabinet, members of the upper house and many officials (very dictatorial)
• censored newspapers and stifled debates
• eased censorship later and extended voting rights

Question 34

Economic Reforms of Napoleon III

Answer 34

• promoted investment in industry, railroad building and the modernization of Paris
• legalized labor unions, extended public education to girls and began a limited public healthcare system

Question 35

Maximilian

Answer 35

Austrian Prince who Napoleon III placed on the throne of Mexico in hope of turning Mexico into a French colony
Was overthrown and killed by the Mexican rebels
Total waste of time and money and troops for France (BIG mistake of Napoleon III)

Question 36

The Franco-Prussian War

Answer 36

The Prussians became very aggresively nationalistic in 1870 and were perceived as a threat to France. They provoked the French by releasing the Elms Telegram, making it look like the Prussian King William I had insulted the French leaders and people. Napoleon declared war on the Prussians (which is what they wanted)
The Prussians killed the French in 4 months, surrounding Paris and capturing Napoleon, who was forced to abdicate

Question 37

Results of Franco-Prussian War

Answer 37

Napoleon III abdicated and a Provisional Gov’t under the National Assembly signed a harsh peace treaty with the Prussians (humiliating for France)
France lost Alsace & Lorraine (area on border of France and Germany)
France had to pay reparations for losing a war they started

Question 38

The Third French Republic

Answer 38

Formed after the surrender of Napoleon III and the Treaty of Paris was signed, had violent beginnings with the Paris Commune, but lasted fro 70 years
In the first 10 years, 50 different coalition gov’ts formed and failed

Question 39

The Paris Commune

Answer 39

Communards (workers and socialists who opposed the peace treaty) rebelled in Paris in 1871, were ordered to disband by the National Assembly and refused
Started a civil war in which gov’t forces killed over 20,000 communards

Question 40

The Dreyfus Affair

Answer 40

Began with the treason trial of Alfred Dreyfus, a high-ranking Jewish officer in the French army
Dreyfus was accused of spying on the French for Prussia and passing on information to them
His trial was unfair, he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison at the desolate Devil’s Island off the coast of South America
Later new evidence proved that Ferdinand Esterhazy, another officer, was the real spy
Dreyfus was refused a new trial and his supporters were accused of being traitors
Then, famous novelist Emile Zola backed Dreyfus and published an article accusing the French army of a coverup. Zola was convicted of lying (libel) and forced to flee France
Later, the evidence used against Dreyfus was proven to have been forged and Dreyfus was freed and cleared of charges

Question 41

Zionism

Answer 41

Anti-Semitism, The Dreyfus Affair and programs against Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe began the movement of trying to protect the rights of Jews

Question 42

Theodore Herzl

Answer 42

A Hungarian journalist in France who promoted the idea of creating an independent Jewish state in Palestine to protect their rights
Began the Zionist Movement