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Global 10 > GREECE > Flashcards

GREECE Flashcards

1
Q

What did Greece’s geography influence?

A

Their history and culture

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2
Q

Peloponnesus

A

Southern part of Greece

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3
Q

What is Greece’s geography like?

A

A mountainous peninsula, little arable land, irregular coastline, between 3 seas

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4
Q

Impact of irregular coastline

A

Many ports and harbors

influence of the sea- trade, food, defense

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5
Q

Greece’s climate

A

mild, warm most of year, helped in agriculture, trade, affected clothing, food, lifestyle and architecture(open, airy buildings)

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6
Q

impact of climate

A

Ideal climate for grapes and olives/ olive oil and wine which were traded for grain

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7
Q

impact of mountains

A

Only 20% of land arable, poor rocky soil which lead to herding, fishing and trade –> cultural diffusion
Mountains hindered farming, communication and transportation, made country difficult to unite which often led to war between city-states

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8
Q

What 3 seas is Greece between?

A

Ionian, Aagean, and Mediterranean

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9
Q

Positives of Location

A

sits on both the east-west and north-south trade routes, with access to the Black Sea and
Also at juncture between land routes between Asia and Europe which led to wealth for Greece and cultural diffusion

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10
Q

Polis

A

Greek city-states

Walled cities and control of their surrounding countryside

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11
Q

Acropolis

A

the “high city”- built on a hill at the center of the polis
Dedicated to the gods, used for defense
Below it was the walled city

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12
Q

Agora

A

a Greek market

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13
Q

Monarchy

A

A gov’t with a hereditary ruler who maintains power

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14
Q

Aristocracy

A

A group of wealthy, land-owning elites

In Greece, they were the early defenders of the city and protected the kind

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15
Q

Oligarchy

A

Gov’t ruled by a small group of elites

Became form of gov’t in Greece with the aristocracy as the rulers

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16
Q

Impact of iron weapons on life in Greece

A

Iron weapons were less expensive and easier to produce than bronze ones so ordinary citizens could afford them
This led to bigger armies and broke the power of the aristocrats

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17
Q

Phalanx

A

new military formation of highly disciplined ranks of spear & sword carrying soldiers (porcupine)

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18
Q

What did Sparta stress?

A

obedience, loyalty, militry, athleticism and martial skills

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19
Q

What did Athens stress?

A

the intellect, perfection, beauty, the “complete person”- mind+body

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20
Q

Location of Sparta

A

old, landlocked, isolated Greek city-state located in Laconia, on the southern Peloponnesus

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21
Q

Helots

A

Spartan slaves

Original inhabitants of the area, conquered and enslaved by the Dorians(Spartans’ ancestors)

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22
Q

Spartan gov’t

A

Totalitarin-Oligarchy-Monarchy
2 Kings supported by a council of 28 elders/advisors
Also an Assembly of citizens met once each year to approve gov’t decisions

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23
Q

Ephors

A

Spartans who were chosen by the Assembly- acted as overseers of daily life and the helots

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24
Q

infanticide

A

the purposeful killing of unwanted or “un-desirable” babies at birth. Ephors inspected them at birth- any with abnormalities or didn’t “fit” would be killed.

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25
Q

Military training for males in Sparta

A

At age 7, boys were sent to live in military barracks and taught to read, write and fight
At age 20, they were married and at age 30 they became citizens and were give land and slaves.

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26
Q

Life of Spartan females

A

Absolute obedience to husbands and fathers, daily military training or exercise, expected to defend the polis while the men were at war, treated with respect and some degree of equality

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27
Q

Unique things about Sparta

A

Totally isolated, forbidden to travel, little trade
Literate, but laconic (use as few words as possible)
No coined $$
Few arts, few contributions to western civ.

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28
Q

Location of Athens

A

on the sea in an area called Attica

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29
Q

Early Athenian gov’t

A

Landowners (aristocrats) held the power in society
They chose officials, were the judges at trials and were the army. Soldiers, foreign born artisans, and small farmers resented the power of the aristocracy

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30
Q

Direct Democracy

A

Citizens vote directly on all issues and represent themselves. Does not work with big pops. In athens, not everyone could vote because not everyone was considered a citizen. No slaves, no women and no foreigners. The Council of 500 proposed laws and the Assembly of all “citizens” voted on them

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31
Q

Solon

A

“the Wise”

Athenian aristocrat who created reforms in an attempt to make everyone happy

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32
Q

Solon’s reforms

A

Government: opened up more gov’t offices to the public and gave citizenship to some foreigners and gave the Assembly more say in decisions
Social: Outlawed debt slavery and freed existing debt slaves
Economic: increased export of wine and olive oil and outlawed exportation of wheat

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33
Q

Tyrants

A

People of Athens who rose up and gained power by force- gained support of merchants and the poor by making reforms to please them

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34
Q

Pisistratus

A

An Athenian tyrant who helped farmers by taking land from nobles and giving loans

35
Q

Cleisthenes

A

An Athenian tyrant who created the Council of 500 of citizens over 30 to propose laws, made the assembly a true legislature to approve or veto laws

36
Q

Athenian women

A

Not citizens, no legal rights, were married at 14-16 yrs (arranged marriage), lived in seclusion in the home, managed the home and the slaves

37
Q

Athenian education

A

Men were tutored by slaves

All “citizens” required to have 2 yrs of military training

38
Q

Similarities between Greek city-states

A

same religion (polytheistic) , language, similar style of art and architecture, all followed city-state structure

39
Q

The Minoans

A

Sea-faring traders from the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea- controlled trade in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Captial= Knossos- no defensive walls (on island)

40
Q

Frescoes

A

Minoan painted ceramics/pottery, swords, figurines, large metal urns
Helped cultural diffusion along trade routes

41
Q

Disappearance of Minoan civ

A

A mystery, but volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are thought to have destroyed the cities, the Minoans never recovered

42
Q

The Mycenaeans

A

Located on the Peoponnesus
Had polis
Ruled by militaristic warrior kings
Had long distance sea trade–> cultural diffusion

43
Q

The Trojan war

A

10 year war between the Mycenaean king and the independent city-state of Troy in Turkey
Over kidnapping of Greek king Helen? The control of the trade routes?

44
Q

Heinrich Schliemann

A

German archaeologist who excavated a site from the period

45
Q

The Dorians

A

Ancestors of the Spartans
Northern Greeks who moved into the area
Less advanced, illiterate

46
Q

“The Greek Dark Ages”

A

Period when the Dorians ruled Greece
Greek’s culture and movement toward advanced civ took a huge step back during this period
Written language was not allowed, people were enslaved, tension, warfare, etc.

47
Q

Homer

A

A blind Dorian story-teller and poet who composed 2 epic poems- the Iliad and the Odyssey
Both are about mythology and Greek ideals and morals

48
Q

Long term Causes of the Persian Wars

A

Persian power and influence expanded- they desired control of Greek territory
Competition for trade along the Aagean Sea

49
Q

Immediate cause of Persian Wars

A

Miletus- a Greek city-state in Persia revolted against Persian rule
Athens sent aid
Miletus’ revolt was crushed by Persian emperor Darius despite aid from Greece
Darius attacked the Greek mainland in revenge for their interference in the Miletian revolt

50
Q

Battle of Marathon

A

Darius landed his army at Marathon with the intention of marching on Athens
Athens defeated the Persians despite being massively outnumbered

51
Q

Pheidippides

A

The “father of the Olympic Marathon”
Athenian messenger who was sent to Sparta for aid during the Battle of Marathon
Ran 145 miles in 2 days then died

52
Q

Themistocles

A

Athenian leader/general who convinced Athens to build a strong navy in prep for another Persian invasion

53
Q

Xerxes

A

Son of Persian emperor Darius
Attempted to uphold his fathers dying wish to destroy Athens
Sent people to Athens demanding that they surrender, which was refused.

54
Q

Battle of Thermopylae

A

Huge Persian force landed on northern Greek mainland to march south on Athens through the mountains
The Greeks (Spartans, Thesbians, Thebans) were outnumbered, but led by Leonidas, delayed the Persians for 3 days- forcing them to seek another route
The delay allowed Athens to evacuate and prepare a trap at Salamis for the Persian navy
The Spartans died to the last man
Athens was burned and looted by the Persian army

55
Q

Battle of Salamis

A

The Athenians trapped the large, slow Persian navy fleet in the narrows of Salamis, then attacked with many smaller, faster boats
The Athenians destryoed the Persians
One of the last major engagements of the Persian Wars

56
Q

Aristodemus

A

Only Spartan survivor from the Battle of Thermopylae

57
Q

Results of Persian War

A

Athens emerged as the wealthiest, most powerful Greek city-state and began their golden age
The Delian League was formed
Athens developed into an empire

58
Q

The Delian League

A

A defensive alliance of polis against future Persian attacks
Athens dominated the League and collected money from the members
Athens gained money and power from the Delian League and allowed them to take colonies and develop into an empire

59
Q

Pericles

A

A wise ruler who re-built Athens after it was burned in the Battle of Thermopylae, improved the economy, built the Parthenon and moved Athens toward a direct democracy
Greatest ruler of Athens
Ruled during Athens’ golden age
Under his rule, Athens became the cultural leader of Greece
Supported the arts, rebuilt the Acropolis

60
Q

The expansion of Athenian democracy

A

The Assembly of citizens met to review and approve laws
The council of 500 of Athenian citizens proposed laws and were paid a stipend for their service
Male citizens over 30 were also chosen to serve on juries

61
Q

Ostracism

A

Most popular punishment in Athenian democracy

Banishment/exile for 10 years

62
Q

The Peloponnesian League

A

An anti-Athenian alliance led by Sparta

Opposed Athenian dominance of the Delian League

63
Q

The Peloponnesian War

A

Dispute between Athens and Corinth
Became a bigger war as city-states chose sides
Persia even supported Sparta
Athens dominated the Sea, while Sparta dominated the land and surrounded Athens
Pericles moved population within the city walls
War continued for 27 years until Sparta along with the Persian navy blockaded Athenian ports and Athens surrendered to Sparta

64
Q

Results of the Peloponesian War

A

The Athenian empire ended and so did their dominance over trade in the Aegean Sea
Ended Athenian golden age
Ended Greek alliances
All city-states weakened

65
Q

Philosophers

A

“lovers of wisdom”
Tried to use logic and reason to discover the laws of the universe
Many were interested in ethics and morality as well as the best type of gov’t to control human behavior

66
Q

Sophists

A

Politics became a popular career in Athens after the Pelop. War
Men used rhetoric, or the power of public speaking to advance their careers
Were seen as a threat to democracy

67
Q

Socrates

A

Athenian philosopher
Developed the “socratic method” of asking one question that led to the next
Taught people to question things
Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens- found guilty and given death penalty
Killed himself

68
Q

Plato

A

Student of Socrates
Opened his own school- The Academy
Wrote down Socrates’ teachings
His most famous book is The Republic

69
Q

Aristotle

A

Best student of Plato
Began his own school- The Lyceum
Became the tutor of Alexander the Great
Developed the Syllogism- a form of reasoning where every truth comes from other truths- later developed into the scientific method
Follow the “golden mean”- all things in moderation

70
Q

Greek Art & Architecture

A

Balance, order, beauty

Human form portrayed as life life, but idealized or perfect- not realistic

71
Q

Herodotus

A

Famous Athenian historian
Witnessed Battle of Thermopylae and recorded it
Wrote about Greek’s knowledge of the world and culture and influenced European beliefs about Asia and Africa

72
Q

Sapho

A

poet- wrote poems about love and home

73
Q

Pindar

A

poet- wrote odes to honor athletes

74
Q

Aeschylus

A

Playwright of tragedies with revenge and betrayal themes

75
Q

Sophocles

A

Playwright of tragedies with moral themes

76
Q

Aristophanes

A

Playwright of comedies that mocked people and customs

77
Q

Phillip II

A

King of Macedonia(northern Greek kingdom)
Father of Alex the Great
Admired Greek culture
Conquered and united the Greek city-statess
Assassinated before he could conquer Persia

78
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Son of Phillip II
Became King of Macedonia and Greece
Attacked the Persians and conquered all of the Asia Minor (Persia, India, The middle east and Egypt)
Combined Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian culture—> major cultural diffusion

79
Q

Hellenism

A

Good ex. of cultural diffusion

Alexander and his armies spread Greek culture throughout his empire, which it blended with other cultures

80
Q

Hellenistic Scientific Achievements

A

increased medical knowledge
increased astronomy knowledge
Geometry, Alegra, Physics

81
Q

Euclid

A

Wrote The Elements: a summary of advanced geometry and mathematical learning at the time

82
Q

Pythagoras

A

calculated relationships in a right triangle- Pythagorean Theorm

83
Q

Hippocrates

A

Greek physician- causes and cures of diseases

84
Q

Archimedes

A

The father of physics- simple machines

Invented the double pulley and the catapault

Global 10 (12 decks)

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