Cold War and European Union Flashcards
US & Western Democracies
NATO
their goal was to contain communism and the eventual collapse of the communist world
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations
“Iron Curtain”
their goal was to spread world-wide communism
Arms Race
nuclear escalation
ideological competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples
The Truman Doctrine
- Civil War in Greece
- Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles
- The US should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures
- US gave Greece and Turkey $400 million in aid
The Marshall Plan
- European Recovery Program
- The US should provide aid to all european nations that need it
- Created by secretary of state George Marshall
Berlin Blockade
3 Allies occupation zones were combined to form West Germany, withdrew their forces
The soviets cut off the road, rail and water access to West Berlin, tried to starve W. Berlin into submission
US & British planes delivered food and supplies to W. Berlin every 3 minutes - 277,000 flights
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
US, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, W. Germany, Spain, then later soviet states
Warsaw Pact
USSR defense alliance formed in response to NATO
USSR, Bulgaria, E. Germany, Albania, Czech, Hungary, Poland, Romania, soviet states
Premier Nikita Khrushchev
ruled 1954 - 1964
Soviet Premier after Stalin’s death
launched a de-stalinization campaign
he condemned Stalin’s policies & abuse of power and the Great Purge
Brinksmanship
confrontational policies of confronting the west and bringing the world to the brink of war
1949
china becomes communist
The Korean War
a “police action”
the first armed conflict of Cold War
killing 5 million people
Proxy War
The Suez Crisis
Egyptian military dictator Gemal Abdul Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which had been jointly controlled by Britain and France
Israel invaded across the Egyptian Sinai desert to control the eastern side of the Suez Canal
Britain and France launch an invasion of part to retake control of the canal
Results of the Suez Crisis
The US and UN opposed this invasion fearing a wider war because the USSR had threatened to intervene in support of Egypt. The UN forced Britain, France & Israel to withdraw and Nasser took control of the canal, promising to keep it open and neutral
Nasser became a hero and Britain was embarrased
Imre Nagy
Hungarian Prime Minister
promised free elections, free press and release of political prisoners & withdrawal from the warsaw pact
Sputnik I
The USSR built and launched the first man-made object to orbit the Earth
begins the Space Race
U-2 Spy Plane Incident
US was secretly monitoring the USSR
Gary Powers plane was shot down over Soviet airspace
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev and JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced and can be easily manipulated
The Berlin Wall
Too many Eastern Europeans fleeing to West Berlin
East Berlin is sealed off with concrete walls and barbed wire
5075 successful escapes, over 200 killed trying
1961
Cuba goes communist
Bay of Pigs Invasion
failed US/CIA attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro
Cuban Missle Crisis
14 extremely tense days in october after it was discovered that the USSR was assembling nuclear missle launch pads in Cuba capable of reacing the US
JFK ordered a Quarantine or naval blockade of Cuba
Results of Cuban Missle Crisis
Russian missles were turned away from Cuba and the launch pads dismantled
direct phone line installed between Moscow and Washington
US removed missles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba
Czechoslovakia
"Prague Spring" Czech president Alexander dubcek freedom of expression & limited democracy The USSR invaded, ending the reforms Dissidents and playwrights were arrested
Vaclav Havel
Dissident who was arrested in Czechoslovakia
later became president of free czech republic
Konrad Adenauer
a Christian democrat
first president of west Germany
pro-western foreign policy
“father of modern economy”
Leohid Brezhnev
leader of Russia
died leaving power struggle
politburo
soviet communist party congress
Milhaud gorbachev
leader of USSR after Brezhnev died
youngest leader since Stalin
54 years old
glasnost
“openness”
policy of Gorbachev
social freedoms to get new ideas
censorship eased, churches allowed, dissidents freed from prison
perestroika
policy of Gorbachev
economic reform
less govt central planning
individuals could open own businesses
democratization
policy of Gorbachev
more candidates to choose from- less party control, more reformers elected
extended to Eastern Europe
European coal and steel community
ECSC
headquarters in Luxembourg
“inner six”: Benelux nations, France, Italy and west Germany
placed their coal and steel industries under of a form or supranational authority
eliminated tariff duties and set quotas
European economic community
EEC headquarters in Brussels treaty of Rome increased economic integration and expanded membership created larger free trade area eliminate all trade Barriers one common tariff with outside world free movement of capital and labor within member nations
European community
EC combined the ECSC and EEC created European Parliament idea "United States of Europe" 518 seats created European court of justice
Maastricht agreements/treaty and EU
1991-92 European Union (EU) created from EC one currency,one culture, one social area, one environment created frontier free Europe passports one large common market- worlds largest free trade market euro= common currency includes 27 countries today
EU crisis
EU members like Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain were cheating and borrowing heavily to pay for social programs and govt workers
spending more than they earned
solution: bailouts and steep cuts in govt spending- layoffs
examples of supranational organizations
EU
NAFTA
UN
WTO
