Italian and Northern Renaissance

Question 1

Baldassare Castiglione

Answer 1

author, wrote “The Book of the Courtier”

Question 2

Courtiers

Answer 2

educated aristocrats- “renaissance man”

Question 3

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 3

author, wrote “The Prince”

Question 4

The Decline of the Italian Renaissance

Answer 4

Disunity of Italian states
Invasion by French troops
Italian monopoly on Eastern trade declines
Italian power and influence fades
Rome sacked by mercenaries in 1527

Question 5

Italian Renaissance Style

Answer 5

The Church was not the primary patron of the arts
Artists had more control over subject matter and styles
Key= individualism, humanist ideals

Question 6

Italian Renaissance Art

Answer 6

Used color, line and composition to focus the eye
Realism- more lifelike
Non-religious subjects
Oil paint instead of Tempera
1st use of the laws of perspective

Question 7

Chiaroscuro

Answer 7

Element used in art

Light and shadow (dark) to focus the eye

Question 8

Sfumato

Answer 8

Element used in art

glazing, layering of paint, semi-transparent

Question 9

Giotto Di Bondone

Answer 9

Early Artist of the Italian Renaissance

Question 10

Brunelleschi

Answer 10

Used artistic techniques in architecture
Used architectural line to move eye to the focus
Famous for Brunelleschi’s Dome in Florence
Used the rules of perspective

Question 11

Donatello

Answer 11

Early sculptor
Revived Roman style of sculpture
1st to develop the “non-finito” style, works were purposely left unfinished
most famous for his bronze sculpture of a nude David- caused a scandal

Question 12

`The High Renaissance

Answer 12

Artists of this period refined earlier techniques
The peak of Renaissance art, an era with many great genius artists
Perfected the style of emotion and realism

Question 13

Raphael Santi

Answer 13

Painter of the High Renaissance
Helped develop both the chiaroscuro and sfumato techniques
Advanced painting of drapery and human form/anatomy
Works were usually of Madonna (mary) and child

Question 14

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 14

Painter and genius of the High Renaissance
Painted The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa
Was multi-talented and interested in many subjects, so rarely finished anything
Before he was an artist, he served Duke of Milan, then an engineer and architect, then served Cesare Borgia, the Duke of Romagna, and also served King Louis XII of France, Pope Leo X and French King Francis I

Question 15

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Answer 15

Architect, sculptor, poet and painter of the High Renaissance
Went to the school of Lorenzo The Magnificent
Studied frescoes of Giotto and Masaccio
Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which is what he is most known for
Studied anatomy which got him into trouble
Made beautiful marble statues with drapery and excellent human form

Question 16

The Beginning of Northern Renaissance

Answer 16

Humanism spread north from Italy and a form of it called Christian Humanism was formed

Question 17

Characteristics of Northern Renaissance

Answer 17

Emphasis on Christianity
Stressed biblical and early Christian themes
The best of antiquity combined with Christian culture

Question 18

The Focus of the Northern Renaissance

Answer 18

Secularism and individualism- but within a Christian context

Importance of the Individual

Question 19

Impact of the Printing Press

Answer 19

The Printing Press was invented by Johann Gutenberg
The Bible was mass printed
People formed their own ideas about the lessons of the Bible and what was right vs. wrong
Led to the Reformation- split within the Christian church

Question 20

Sir Thomas More

Answer 20

English writer of the Northern Renaissance
Wrote Utopia
Was decapitated by Henry VIII and was sainted later on

Question 21

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 21

Dutch writer of the Northern Renaissance
Wrote Adages and Praise of Folly
Used satire
Looked for church reform, not replacement
Praise of Folly was a humanist translation of the New Testament

Question 22

William Shakespeare

Answer 22

English poet/playwright of the Northern Renaissance
Possibly the greatest poet/playwright of all time
Wrote histories and tragedies- Henry IV, Henry V, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, etc.
Wrote in the English vernacular

Question 23

Francois Rabelais

Answer 23

French friar and classicist
wrote romances like Grantua and Pantagruel
Satirized education, the Church, politics and philosophy

Question 24

Albrecht Durer

Answer 24

the “Leonardo of the North”
Regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist
Famous for his metal and wood engravings as well as the “Praying Hands”

Question 25

Hans Holbein

Answer 25

Portraitist of the Northern Renaissance

Painted portraits of famous people and royalty

Question 26

Frans Hals

Answer 26

Dutch painter of the Northern Renaissance
Painted portraits of everyday activites
Used the chiaroscuro technique
Famous for The Laughing Cavalier

Question 27

Jan van Eyek

Answer 27

Flemish (today’s Belgian) painter of the Northern Renaissance
Painted in oils
Focused on realism and details

Question 28

Pieter Bruegel

Answer 28

Flemish painter of the Northern Renaissance
Painted scenes of everyday life and real people, scenes of peasant life (not royalty)
Conveyed political and moral messages in his work

Question 29

Rembrandt

Answer 29

Considered by many to be the greatest Dutch painter of the Northern Renaissance
Famous for realism and dramatic use of chiaroscuro
Religious subjects as well as everyday life
Famous piece: The Dissection

Question 30

The Origins of the Italian Renaissance

Answer 30

The Italian Renaissance began in 15th century Italy, specifically Florence
Was a “re-birth” of art and learning
Model was the golden ages of greece and rome

Question 31

Focus of the Italian Renaissance

Answer 31

HUMANISM- individualism and creativity

Question 32

Why Italy?

Answer 32

It was the 1st country in Europe to pull out of economic depression
Was not involved in the destruction and chaos of the Hundred Years War
Had strong ties to the Middle East

Question 33

Why Florence?

Answer 33

Had a history of literacy and scholarship
Was a key power during times of Italian turmoil
Had an improved educational system
participation in city politics was encouraged (like in Athens)

Question 34

Francesco Petrarch

Answer 34

the “Father of Humanism”
A trained Florentine lawyer and clergyman
wrote Letters to the Dead- conversations with dead ancient writers
Rediscovered works by Cicero, Virgil, Homer and Livy in monasteries
Pushed the study of Latin, Greek, classics and rhetoric

Question 35

The Medici

Answer 35

Powerful Florentine banking family

Supported the arts

Question 36

Lorenzo “The Magnificent”

Answer 36

Governed Florence at its height
Patron of the arts
Opened schools for artists/sculptors (ex. Michelangelo)

Question 37

Humanism

Answer 37

Liberal Arts Education
Respect for classical past
Celebration of individuality
Individuals can affect change
Celebrates human achievement and education
Pursue perfection
**The essence of the renaissance

Question 38

Virtu

Answer 38

“the cult of the individual”

Humanist idea

Question 39

Studia Humanitatis

Answer 39

Renaissance education idea/method
means “wisdom and eloquence”
Ideas included Rhetoric(communication) and individualism
Goal: to create responsible, active, intelligent and moral citizens and leaders; to make individuals the best they can be
This is the foundation for 20th cent. Liberal Arts colleges