Modern Medicine Flashcards
when was dna discovered?
1953
who discovered dna?
crick and watson
how does understanding dna impact on medicine?
doctors can identify illnesses before they develop and in the womb
how it dna currently limited?
it is not yet know how to reverse medical conditions
how has blood sugar monitoring impacted medicine?
from the 1960’s people who had diabetes could check their blood sugar themselves to ensure they were managing their condition
how have CT scans impacted medicine?
from the 1970’s CT scans were developed which are more powerful forms of xray meaning they can diagnose tumours
how have MRI scans impacted medicine?
they use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body
better suited to diagnosing soft tissue damage
how have endoscopes impacted medicine?
a camera on the end of a think flexible tube used to see inside the body without the need for surgery
what did fleming find in 1928?
when he went on holiday, he left a pile of unwashed petri dishes and when he returned mould was growing on them. Around the mould, the bacteria had disappeared
what did fleming discover when he diluted the mould?
it killed bacteria without harming the cells
what did fleming write about in 1929?
penicillin in his medical journal
why was the discovery of penicillin initially limited?
fleming had not used it on animals so there was no evidence of it being useful so no one thought the discovery was important
it took ages to grow
what did florey and chain discover?
penicillin helped mice recover from infections but they would need 3000x as much to recover one person
what did florey and chain start growing penicillin in?
hospital bed pans
how much did florey and chain get from the government in 1938?
only £25
why were the government reluctant to fund penicillin?
there was no proof it worked on humans and the country was on the verge of war
who gave florey and chain 5 years worth of money for research?
the US government
how did florey and chain prove that penicillin worked on humans?
in 1941, they tested it on a policeman who was dying of sepsis from one tiny cut - he began to recover but they ran out so he died - this showed that penicillin wasn’t harmful to the patient
why couldn’t penicillin be mass produced?
factories were busy making warfare
by d-day how many doses of penicillin were there to treat the wounded?
over 2.3 million
what did the US government make for US companies to buy the expensive equipment needed to make penicillin?
interest free loans
how many pharmaceutical companies did the US government fund to mass produce penicillin?
21
when was the first magic bullet developed?
1909
who developed the first magic bullet?
Paul Ehrlich
what was the first magic bullet called?
salvarsan 606
what did the first magic bullet treat?
syphilis
when was the second magic bullet developed?
1932
who developed the second magic bullet?
Gerhard Domagk
what was the second magic bullet called?
prontosil
what did the second magic bullet treat?
blood poisoning
what is a magic bullet?
a chemical that kills certain bacteria without harming the body
what was the human genome?
the mapping of a complete set of genes in a human body
when did the human genome project begin and when did it finish?
began - 1990
finished - 2000
how does smoking impact our health?
linked to a variety of problems such as lung cancer, tooth decay and heart disease
how does diet impact our health?
too much sugar can cause diabetes and too much fat can cause obesity
how does alcohol impact our health?
too much alcohol can cause liver disease and kidney problems
how has the pharmaceutical industry impacted medicine?
companies make and test different drugs which they then sell to doctors’ surgeries and hospitals
drug distribution is a lot easier due to this
how has the development of capsules impacted medicine?
taking drugs is easier
how have compulsory vaccinations impacted medicine?
government now insist that young people receive a set of vaccinations and run campaigns to encourage it
how have hypodermic needles impacted medicine?
very thin needles which allow a precise dose to be given
when were the clean air acts?
1956 and 1968
how do charities impact medicine?
create adverts showing the risks to health and raise money to help treat them
how has the anti-smoking legislation impacted medicine?
as part of 2006 health act, it was made illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces
how is lung cancer diagnosed?
patients are given a CT scan ad injected with dye to how the lungs more clearly
what happens if the cancer does not look very advanced?
the patient will be given a PET-CT scan where a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the body to identify cancerous cells
what is a bronchoscopy?
the patient will be given a bronchoscopy which is passed down into the lungs to collect a sample of cells for testing
what are the treatments for lung cancer?
transplant, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, operations
what is radiotherapy?
concentrated waves of radiation are aimed at a tumour to shrink it
what is chemotherapy?
patients are injected with different drugs to either shrink tumour, prevent it from re-occurring or relieve pain
what did the government ban in 2015?
smoking in cars carrying children under the age of 18
what did the government do in 2007?
raised the legal age for buying tobacco from 16 to 18
when was cigarette television advertising banned?
1965
when was cigarette advertising banned entirely?
2005
when was the NHS set up?
1948
what does the NHS aim to do?
provide care for all people from ‘the cradle to the grave’
what % of national income does the NHS cost?
6%
what had the cost for the NHS increased from between 1950 and 1990?
1950 - £500 million
1990 - £3500 million
due to the NHS how many more times are women likely to consult a doctor?
4
when were prescription charges introduced?
1950’s
how many voluntary and city hospitals are the government responsible for?
1143 voluntary
1545 city
why is people living longer putting a strain on the NHS?
they will need more treatment
why did doctors originally oppose the NHS?
it took them away from private work
when was the diphtheria vaccination made compulsory?
1942
when was the polio vaccine made compulsory?
1950
when was the health act passed?
2006
what campaign did the government use to encourage people to live more healthy?
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