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Modern Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

when was dna discovered?

A

1953

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2
Q

who discovered dna?

A

crick and watson

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3
Q

how does understanding dna impact on medicine?

A

doctors can identify illnesses before they develop and in the womb

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4
Q

how it dna currently limited?

A

it is not yet know how to reverse medical conditions

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5
Q

how has blood sugar monitoring impacted medicine?

A

from the 1960’s people who had diabetes could check their blood sugar themselves to ensure they were managing their condition

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6
Q

how have CT scans impacted medicine?

A

from the 1970’s CT scans were developed which are more powerful forms of xray meaning they can diagnose tumours

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7
Q

how have MRI scans impacted medicine?

A

they use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body
better suited to diagnosing soft tissue damage

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8
Q

how have endoscopes impacted medicine?

A

a camera on the end of a think flexible tube used to see inside the body without the need for surgery

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9
Q

what did fleming find in 1928?

A

when he went on holiday, he left a pile of unwashed petri dishes and when he returned mould was growing on them. Around the mould, the bacteria had disappeared

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10
Q

what did fleming discover when he diluted the mould?

A

it killed bacteria without harming the cells

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11
Q

what did fleming write about in 1929?

A

penicillin in his medical journal

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12
Q

why was the discovery of penicillin initially limited?

A

fleming had not used it on animals so there was no evidence of it being useful so no one thought the discovery was important
it took ages to grow

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13
Q

what did florey and chain discover?

A

penicillin helped mice recover from infections but they would need 3000x as much to recover one person

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14
Q

what did florey and chain start growing penicillin in?

A

hospital bed pans

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15
Q

how much did florey and chain get from the government in 1938?

A

only £25

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16
Q

why were the government reluctant to fund penicillin?

A

there was no proof it worked on humans and the country was on the verge of war

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17
Q

who gave florey and chain 5 years worth of money for research?

A

the US government

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18
Q

how did florey and chain prove that penicillin worked on humans?

A

in 1941, they tested it on a policeman who was dying of sepsis from one tiny cut - he began to recover but they ran out so he died - this showed that penicillin wasn’t harmful to the patient

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19
Q

why couldn’t penicillin be mass produced?

A

factories were busy making warfare

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20
Q

by d-day how many doses of penicillin were there to treat the wounded?

A

over 2.3 million

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21
Q

what did the US government make for US companies to buy the expensive equipment needed to make penicillin?

A

interest free loans

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22
Q

how many pharmaceutical companies did the US government fund to mass produce penicillin?

A

21

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23
Q

when was the first magic bullet developed?

A

1909

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24
Q

who developed the first magic bullet?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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25
Q

what was the first magic bullet called?

A

salvarsan 606

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26
Q

what did the first magic bullet treat?

A

syphilis

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27
Q

when was the second magic bullet developed?

A

1932

28
Q

who developed the second magic bullet?

A

Gerhard Domagk

29
Q

what was the second magic bullet called?

A

prontosil

30
Q

what did the second magic bullet treat?

A

blood poisoning

31
Q

what is a magic bullet?

A

a chemical that kills certain bacteria without harming the body

32
Q

what was the human genome?

A

the mapping of a complete set of genes in a human body

33
Q

when did the human genome project begin and when did it finish?

A

began - 1990

finished - 2000

34
Q

how does smoking impact our health?

A

linked to a variety of problems such as lung cancer, tooth decay and heart disease

35
Q

how does diet impact our health?

A

too much sugar can cause diabetes and too much fat can cause obesity

36
Q

how does alcohol impact our health?

A

too much alcohol can cause liver disease and kidney problems

37
Q

how has the pharmaceutical industry impacted medicine?

A

companies make and test different drugs which they then sell to doctors’ surgeries and hospitals
drug distribution is a lot easier due to this

38
Q

how has the development of capsules impacted medicine?

A

taking drugs is easier

39
Q

how have compulsory vaccinations impacted medicine?

A

government now insist that young people receive a set of vaccinations and run campaigns to encourage it

40
Q

how have hypodermic needles impacted medicine?

A

very thin needles which allow a precise dose to be given

41
Q

when were the clean air acts?

A

1956 and 1968

42
Q

how do charities impact medicine?

A

create adverts showing the risks to health and raise money to help treat them

43
Q

how has the anti-smoking legislation impacted medicine?

A

as part of 2006 health act, it was made illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces

44
Q

how is lung cancer diagnosed?

A

patients are given a CT scan ad injected with dye to how the lungs more clearly

45
Q

what happens if the cancer does not look very advanced?

A

the patient will be given a PET-CT scan where a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the body to identify cancerous cells

46
Q

what is a bronchoscopy?

A

the patient will be given a bronchoscopy which is passed down into the lungs to collect a sample of cells for testing

47
Q

what are the treatments for lung cancer?

A

transplant, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, operations

48
Q

what is radiotherapy?

A

concentrated waves of radiation are aimed at a tumour to shrink it

49
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

patients are injected with different drugs to either shrink tumour, prevent it from re-occurring or relieve pain

50
Q

what did the government ban in 2015?

A

smoking in cars carrying children under the age of 18

51
Q

what did the government do in 2007?

A

raised the legal age for buying tobacco from 16 to 18

52
Q

when was cigarette television advertising banned?

A

1965

53
Q

when was cigarette advertising banned entirely?

A

2005

54
Q

when was the NHS set up?

A

1948

55
Q

what does the NHS aim to do?

A

provide care for all people from ‘the cradle to the grave’

56
Q

what % of national income does the NHS cost?

A

6%

57
Q

what had the cost for the NHS increased from between 1950 and 1990?

A

1950 - £500 million

1990 - £3500 million

58
Q

due to the NHS how many more times are women likely to consult a doctor?

A

4

59
Q

when were prescription charges introduced?

A

1950’s

60
Q

how many voluntary and city hospitals are the government responsible for?

A

1143 voluntary

1545 city

61
Q

why is people living longer putting a strain on the NHS?

A

they will need more treatment

62
Q

why did doctors originally oppose the NHS?

A

it took them away from private work

63
Q

when was the diphtheria vaccination made compulsory?

A

1942

64
Q

when was the polio vaccine made compulsory?

A

1950

65
Q

when was the health act passed?

A

2006

66
Q

what campaign did the government use to encourage people to live more healthy?

A

change4life

History (33 decks)

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