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SOPHIE'S ESA 2 > MoD Session 11- Neoplasia 4 > Flashcards

MoD Session 11- Neoplasia 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three most common cancers in children under 14?

A

Lymphoma, leukaemia and CNS tumours

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2
Q

What are the three best survival rates?

A
  • testicular - 98%
  • melanoma - 90%
  • Breast - 87%
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3
Q

What are the three worst survival rates?

A
  • oesophageal - 15%
  • lung - 10%
  • pancreatic - 3%
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4
Q

What is an individual’s prognosis based upon? (6)

A
  • tumour size and type
  • tumour site
  • age
  • general health status
  • grading and staging
  • availability of effective treatments
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5
Q

What is tumour staging?

A

A measure of the malignant neoplasms overall burden

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6
Q

What is the common method of staging and describe it.

A

TMN staging.
T is a measure of the primary tumour size. T1-4
M is a measure of metastasis. M0 or M1
N is a measure of regional node metastasis. N0-N3

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7
Q

What are the four stages determined by TMN staging?

A

Stage 1- early local disease
Stage 2- advanced local disease
Stage 3- regional metastasis
Stage 4- advanced disease with distant metastasis.

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8
Q

What is Ann Arbor staging used for?

A

Staging lymphoma

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9
Q

What are the four stages of Ann Arbor staging?

A

Stage 1- lymphoma in a single nodal region
Stage 2- lymphoma in 2 nodal regions on one side of the diaphragm
Stage 3- lymphoma on both sides of the diaphragm
Stage 4- disseminated involvement of 1 or more extra lymphatic organs.

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10
Q

What is dukes staging used for?

A

Staging colorectal carcinoma.

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11
Q

What are the four stages of dukes staging?

A

A. Invasion into but not through the bowel
B. Invasion through the bowel wall
C. Involvement of the lymph nodes
D. Distant metastasis

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12
Q

What is tumour grading?

A

The degree of differentiation of a neoplasm.

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13
Q

What is the difference between tumour staging and tumour grading?

A

Staging- how much of the tumour there is.

Grading- how differentiated the tumour is.

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14
Q

What are the four grades?

A

G1. Well differentiated
G2. Moderately differentiated
G3. Poorly differentiated
G4. Undifferentiated/ anaplastic.

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15
Q

What is the bloom Richardson grading system used for?

A

Grading Breast carcinoma.

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16
Q

What does the bloom Richardson grading system assess? (3)

A

Tubule formation
Nuclear variation
Number of mitoses

17
Q

What is tumour grading important for? (2)

A

Planning treatment and estimating prognosis

18
Q

What is tumour staging important for?

A

Predicting survival

19
Q

What are the five broad treatments of cancer?

A 
Chemotherapy 
Radiotherapy 
Surgery 
Hormonal treatment
Tumour specific therapy
20
Q

What is the intent of surgery in:
Early stage cancer
Advanced cancer?

A

Early stage- cure

Advanced- palliative intent

21
Q

What is adjuvant treatment?

A

Treatment given following surgical removal of a primary tumour to eliminate subclinical disease and prevent relapse.

22
Q

What is neojuvant treatment?

A

Treatment given before surgical intervention in order to reduce the soze of the primary tumour.

23
Q

What effect does radiotherapy have on cells?

A

Kills proliferating cells

24
Q

How is radiotherapy given and why?

A

In fractionated doses.

To minimise damage to normal tissues.

25
Q

Which cells does chemotherapy effect?

A

Proliferating cells.

26
Q

Why does chemotherapy have side effects?

A

Because it is non specific to cancerous cells

27
Q

Give an example of a hormone therapy and what it does.

A

Tamoxifen acts on oestrogen receptors and competitively binds to them. Because oestrogen is a proliferator, by binding to their receptors, this prevents further tumour growth.

28
Q

Give an example of a specific tumour therapy and what it does.

A

Herceptin acts on HER-2 signalling which is over-expressed in 1/4 Breast carcinomas.

29
Q

What are tumour markers used for?

A

Small role in diagnosis. Mainly used for monitoring cancer burden.

30
Q

What are the four types of tumour marker? Give an example of each and what carcinoma releases them.

A

Hormone marker - HCG. Testicular tumours
Oncofetal antigen- AFP. Heptatocellular carcinoma
Specific proteins- PSA. Prostate carcinoma
Mucins and glycoproteins. CA-125. Ovarian cancer

31
Q

What are the three UK screening programmes?

A

Breast
Colorectal
Cervical

32
Q

Who is eligible for cervical screening and when does it occur?

A

25-49 yrs old is every 3 years.

50-64 yrs old is every 5 years.

33
Q

Who is eligible for colorectal screening and when does it happen?

A

Men and women aged 60-69 every 2 years.

34
Q

Who is eligible for breast screening and when does it occur?

A

50-70 yrs old every 3 years.

35
Q

What are the 4 most common cancers in adults?

A

Breast, prostate, lung and bower carcinomas

SOPHIE'S ESA 2 (74 decks)

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