Mod 7 IQ 9

Question 1

prion

Answer 1

does not contain DNA or RNA

mostly attacks brain or nerve cells

Question 2

Virus

Answer 2

Non-cellular contains DNA, RNA, and protein coats

require a living host to replicate

Question 3

Bacteria

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cell divides quickly and / or produces toxins

Question 4

Protozoans

Answer 4

Eukaryotic cell (single-celled organism)

Question 5

Fungi

Answer 5

Eukaryotic cell
with cell wall spreads via spore or rapid division
some infect external skin and nails, while others enter the host’s body

Question 6

How pathogens cause disease

Answer 6

1. Enter the host through a certain part of the body
2. Reach their target site or niche in the body
3. Attach to or invade the target site they are trying to infect so that they are not dislodged
4. Multiply rapidly
5. Obtain their nutrients from the host
6. Avoid and survive the attack by the host’s natural defense mechanisms
7. Have enough virulence and virulent pathogen only needs ( a virulent pathogen only needs to be present in small amounts
8. Exit infected host to spread to an uninfected host

Question 7

What are prions

Answer 7

Prions are infectious agents that consist only of protein they have no nucleic acid and therefore referred to as non-cellular pathogens
In animals
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or the Mad cow disease
Humans
(TSE) transmissible spongiform encephalopathy which causes brain damage

Question 8

What are viruses

Answer 8

 Viruses are microscopic pathogens a typical virus has a small piece of genetic material. Viruses are also referred to as non- cellular pathogens. Viruses are technically not living they have nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). On its own viruses are harmless however if they enter a living cell and start replicating they can cause disease due to viruses’ possessing the ability to replicate at an extraordinary rate and can mutate and evolve
Viruses can infect all types of living things including animals and plants to microorganisms such as bacteria
Rotavirus refers to a group of double-stranded RNA viruses

Question 9

What is an example of a virus

Answer 9

Rotavirus
it causes diarrhea and gastroenteritis mainly in children between six months and two years old
Transmitted by person to person contact

Question 10

what is an infectious disease

Answer 10

caused by the invasion of the body by a disease-causing agent (usually microscopic life-form)

Question 11

what is a non-infectious disease

Answer 11

Do NOT involve a pathogen, and cannot be contagious

Question 12

What are bacteria

Answer 12

Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms DNA is contained in a single loop. Some bacteria have an additional circle of genetic material called a plasmid. Not all bacteria are cause disease only 1% do

Question 13

What is an example of a bacteria

Answer 13

An example of bacteria os campylobacter which causes food poisoning and transmitted through indirect contact occurs when contaminated food is eaten can also be transmitted from raw meat

Question 14

What are protozoans

Answer 14

Protozoans are eukaryotic macro organisms with DNA organized in a nucleus

Question 15

What is an example of protozoa

Answer 15

The plasmodium protozoan which causes malaria which is vector transmitted from person to person or female mosquitos

Question 16

What are fungi

Answer 16

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, they include yeasts. molds and corps destroying rusts and smuts some fungi cause disease

Question 17

What is an example of a fungi

Answer 17

Trichophyton fungi cause athlete’s foot

Question 18

what are macroparasites

Answer 18

Microparasites are microorganisms that can cause disease. They include roundworms, flatworms, and flukes as well arthropods like ticks, mites, lice, and fleas

Question 19

What is an example of macroparasite

Answer 19

Cestodes or tapeworms cause infection of the digestive tract it is caused by undercooked meat, food, and water with tapeworm eggs and larvae

Question 20

What is an epidemic

Answer 20

is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a particular population in a particular population in a relatively short period of time.

Question 21

What is a pandemic

Answer 21

an outbreak of a disease over a whole country or on a global scale

Question 22

What do the factors that increase the exposure to pathogens and causes the spread of disease include

Answer 22

a continual source of disease which called the reservoir
When humans or animals are in close proximity with one another
Social and environmental factors such as contaminated water supply
Poor sanitation facilities and lack of access to affordable vaccines
Environmental factors include climate change Asia research found that the virus was spread by ticks and the habitat expanded due to global warming
global travel which helps the spread of disease. For example Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) a disease that causes pneumonia which first appeared in China later was found in several countries around the world the next year.

Question 23

What is direct contact

Answer 23

Direct contact between people (through, touch, saliva mucus, contaminated blood or other bodily fluids)
when an individual coughs and sneezes and small droplets of mucus, which may contain pathogens
sexually transmitted diseases) to unborn children through the placenta

Question 24

What is indirect contact

Answer 24

Airborne transmission of droplets respiratory pathogens are usually transmitted through the air
from contaminated objects such as door handles, bedding, towels or contaminated blood products and medical supplies
contaminated food and drinking water
presence of faeces
infected animal e.g. from handling contaminated animal products

Question 25

What is vector transmission

Answer 25

Vector transmission can be mechanical or biological. Mechanical vector transmission involves an animal carrying pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself. For example, a fly lands faeces and later transmits bacteria from faeces to food. Humans eat food, resulting in diarrhoea or dysentery. Biological vectors include insects and other arthropods

Question 26

What are Koch’s four postulates

Answer 26

1. It must be shown that the microorganism believed to be the cause of the disease is always present in diseased organisms
2. The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture that is a culture only containing that microorganism
3. Microorganisms from the pure culture, when injected into a healthy organism without the disease, must produce disease
4. Microorganisms isolated from the experimental organisms, growth in pure culture, and compared with the microorganisms in the original culture, are shown to be identical

Question 27

What was the effect of Pastuer’s Work

Answer 27

 Pasteur discovered that microbes were responsible for the sourcing of alcohol and developed the process called pasteurization
 Pasteur’s work also led to the development of vaccinations for fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies

Question 28

What is named plant disease

Answer 28

Golden potato cyst nematode Macroparasites Microscopic, soil-borne plants which feed on the roots of potato plants and are a serious threat to Australia’s potato industry

Question 29

What is named animal disease

Answer 29

Foot mouth disease in cattle whichin 2001 outbreak caused the loss of $19 billion pounds in the UK