Mod 5 IQ 1

Question 1

What is internal fertilization

Answer 1

it is where the fertilization occurs inside the female body
protected environment
high success rate
increased probability of fertilization
high paternal care
less need for production of a large number of gametes
Well suited to both aquatic and terrestrial environments

Question 2

External

Answer 2

offspring independent of parent
the production of large number of gametes
Gemetes ready for dispersal usually in an aqueous environment

Question 3

Asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 3

involves miototic divison in specific locations such as buds

Question 4

Sexual reproduction in plants

Answer 4

occurs in seed bearing plants like gynosperms

Question 5

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 5

Energy efficient
Requires only 1 parent
No need looking for mates required
No requirement to care for offspring

Question 6

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 6

lack of diversity
may result in large scale extinction
reduced ability to adapt to external pressures

Question 7

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 7

Variation in the population
Species better able to adapt to their environments
Disease events less likely to affect the entire population

Question 8

Disadvantages

Answer 8

large time and energy investment
requires mate
fewer offspring produced

Question 9

How does sexual reproduction occur in plants

Answer 9

Offspring are produced by the fusion of two haploid gametes. Male gametes (pollen) are produced and transferred to the female gametes (ovules.) This process is called pollination.

Question 10

What are the male and female parts of the flower called

Answer 10

male(stamen) and female (carpel )

Question 11

How is pollination facilitated

Answer 11

insects, birds small mammals and wind can transfer pollen

Question 12

How does dispersal occur

Answer 12

Wind,
water or animals,
winged seeds that can be dispersed by the wind

Question 13

How does sexual reproduction occur in fungi

Answer 13

gametes are generated which produce spores that are distributed into the environment

Question 14

How does asexual reproduction in fungi

Answer 14

includes fragmentation (pieces of hyphae that separate a become new colonies )
Budding (the nucleus divides and a bulge forms on the side of the cell which splits of the mother cell )
Spores which produce genetically identical cells to the parents which are distributed into the environment by wind vectors

Question 15

How does asexual reproduction occur in bacteria

Answer 15

a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

DNA replication occurs were the genetic information of the bacteria is copied and divided into two

Question 16

How do protists reproduce sexually

Answer 16

two haploid cells fuse to form a new cell, a zygote. genetic material is combined in a new fused nucleus
The zygote undergoes meiosis to form new cells
for diploid protists adult cell undergo meiosis o produce 4 gametes

Question 17

How does Asexual reproduction occur in protists

Answer 17

Binary fission

Budding a new organism grows from the body of the parent organism to form a new colony

Question 18

What is implantation

Answer 18

when a fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus

Question 19

What is fertilization

Answer 19

the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new organism

Question 20

how does sexual reproduction begin

Answer 20

with the development of gametes

Question 21

what is ovulation

Answer 21

the 12-24 hour window after the release of the eggs (ovum) is released into the fallopian tube

Question 22

How does implantation occur

Answer 22

After fertilization, the zygote starts a process of mitotic cell divisions which become a small ball of cells called the morula
the morula continues to travel down the oviduct
in the uterus, it divides into the hollow fluid ball of cells called the blastocyst
the blastocyst embeds in the endometrium lining of the uterus.

Question 23

What are hormones

Answer 23

chemicals released into the body fluid such as blood, that bind with protein receptors to activate specific cell or tissues to orchestrate long term or occasionally short term response to stimuli and maintain body function

Question 24

What is progesterone and where is it produced

Answer 24

progesterone is a pregnancy hormone which is produced in the placenta and corpus luteum

Question 25

What is the role of progesterone

Answer 25

stop contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus which is involved in birth
helps induce immune tolerance
suppresses ovulation during pregnancy

Question 26

What is estrogen

Answer 26

Oestrogen is a pregnancy hormone produced in the placenta

Question 27

What is the role of Oestrogen

Answer 27

stimulates the development of mammary glands

stimulates the development of uterine smooth muscle layers ready for birth

Question 28

What is oxytocin where is it found and what is its role

Answer 28

Its found in the hypothalamus
has major role in birth
ejection of milk while breastfeeding
maternal bonding

Question 29

What us relaxin where is it found and what is its role

Answer 29

it is a pregnancy hormone
Helps initiate labor
Reduces uterine contractions by reducing progesterone

Question 30

How does the sperm enter the oocyte

Answer 30

1. The sperm uses enzymes from the acrosome to dissolve and penetrate the protective layer (ZOna pellucida) surrounding the egg to reach the cell membrane
2. Molecules on the sperm surface bind to receptors (specialised proteins) on the eggs cell membrane to ensure that sperm of the same species fertilizes the egg then the nucleus of the sperm enters the cytoplasm in the egg cell
3. Changes at the surface of the egg occur to prevent the entry of multiple sperm into the egg
4. The fusion of the haploid egg and sperm nuclei results in a diploid zygite cell(the fertilised egg )