Mod 6 IQ 8 Flashcards
Outline the process of artificial insemination
collection, storage, and transport of the semen from male animals with desirable qualities used to fertilize a large number of females
What are the outcomes of Artifical insemination
A large number of more desirable animals
Less genetic diversity
Global benefits from storage and transport of semen
overcome issues of biohazard risks of transporting the male cattle
Outline artificial pollination
Involves the transfer of pollen to the stigma to enable pollination and fertilization. Can be used to deliberately produce hybrids or for selective breeding natural pollination needs to be prevented by physically removing stamens using other techniques to induce male sterility
What are the outcomes of artificial pollination
Improves plant cultivators such as rice IR8 and many types of plant hybrids with increase productivity beyond either parent
Whole organism cloning
is the creation of a new molecular organism that is genetically identical to parent organism
produce multiple copies organism with selected characteristics
there are two methods embryo splitting which result in identical cells that develop into genetically identical individuals and somatic cell nuclear transfer
Evaluate the effectiveness of whole organism cloning
High pregnancy losses and high morbidity and mortality during the neonatal period reduce the effectiveness of SCNT, with a current success rate of 4%
the process may have benefit in preserving endangered species
What is gene cloning
Gene cloning using a vector plasmid results in multiple copies of genes, usually in bacteria such as E.coli
What are the four steps of SCNT
- A differentiated cell (one that has become specialized during development) has its diploid nucleus removed to provide the DNA source for the clone
- An egg cell from a similar animal is recovered and the nucleus is removed, leaving only the cytoplasm and organelles
- the nucleus is injected into the enaculated egg cell, Electric pulses assist the union to form from a single diploid cell, which then begins normal cell division
- The developing embryo is placed in surrogate mother who undergoes pregnancy
Recombinant DNA
A specific segment of DNA is isolated and removed from one organism and attached to another piece of DNA, often from different organisms. this produces new characteristics in the host organism or enables the host organism to produce specific substances that scientists can use
What is the process of gene cloning recombinant DNA
- A useful gene identified e.g. the gene for human insulin
- plasmids (circular pieces of DNA) are isolated from bacteria
- Both bacterial plasmid and DNA containing our target gene are treated using restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes ‘cut’ DNA, breaking hydrogen bonds in the molecule. these enzymes create ‘sticky ends’ sequences of overhanging single-stranded DNA
- The complementary sticky ends of the target gene and the plasmid come together through base-pairing affinity. these are then annealed using DNA ligase
- The recombinant plasmid is re-inserted into the host bacteria by a process called the transformation
What is transgenesis
introduction of exogenous genetic material (DNA from an external source / different organism) into a living organism. This is performed so that the organism exhibits a new trait, and transfers this trait to its offspring )
What are some agricultural advantages of transgenic organisms e.g Golden Rice
save millions of children from vitamin A deficiency blindness
Prevent immune disorders resulting from vitamin A deficiency
Recombinant DNA is used to normal rice and the resulting transgenic rice is then crossed with local varieties to ensure the rice is adapted to grow in local conditions
Genetic technologies in agriculture
Selective breeding - the creation of crop and livestock species which exhibit favourable traits
Artificial pollination - creation of organisms which do not require uses of insecticides or herbicides, decreasing the impact on the environment
Transgenesis - Increased food security as a solution to global poverty and food shortage
Genetic technologies in Medicine
Gene cloning - Treatment of genetic diseases leading to potential cures, rather than merely addressing symptoms
Gene sequencing - improved diagnostic tools
Gene therapy - cheaper faster tools which can be used in remote locations to increase access to healthcare
CRISPR - Improved creation of important biological molecules for the treatment of disease (e.g insulin for diabetes)
Genetic technologies in
Gene cloning - Increased speed of chemical reactions leading to more efficient industrial processes
Transgenesis - the creation of organisms which produce industrially significant products (e.. biofuels, biomaterials, energy)
