Mod 1 Pharm principles and ethics

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

interaction of body and drug
four stages

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics stages

Answer 2

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 3

Pharmacodyanamics

Answer 3

effects of drug in the body and the mechanism of action

Question 4

Affinity

Answer 4

how strongly a drug will bind to drug-receptor site

Question 5

Bioavailability

Answer 5

the ability for a drug to be taken up by the body and made available where it’s needed and how much may remain in circulation

Question 6

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 6

how peoples genes affect response to meds

Question 7

First pass effect

Answer 7

when part of a medication is broken down by liver enzymes and some escapes into circulation

Question 8

Gastric absorption in neonate and pediatric patients

Answer 8

immature acid-producing cells in the stomach
slower gastric emptying
immature liver means decreased first-pass effect

Question 9

Absorption in older adults

Answer 9

decreased blood flow to GI tract
change in gastric pH
variations in plasma proteins (important for protein-bound drugs)
decreased peripheral circulation
less body fat = decreased transdermal absorption

Question 10

once a drug is in the blood stream…

Answer 10

some is dissolved in plasma water (free drug)
some taken up by RBC
some bound to plasma proteins

Question 11

protein-bound drugs…

Answer 11

release the drug slowly
prolong the drugs action

Question 11

distribution in neonate and peds patients

Answer 11

developing blood brain barrier allows more drugs to enter brain
protein binding capacity is decreased

Question 11

prodrug

Answer 11

when a drug is metabolized into an active form by liver enzymes

Question 12

taking several highly protein-bound drugs…

Answer 12

can cause greater side effects because some drugs are more able to bind than others, the leftovers free drugs are more likely to cause SE and toxicity

Question 12

distribution in older adult patients

Answer 12

serum albumin decreases, so more free drug

Question 13

kidney function measured by…

Answer 13

GFR
serum creatine
creatine clearance

Question 14

half-life

Answer 14

the time it takes for 50% of a drug to be eliminated from the body

Question 15

generic drugs

Answer 15

must have the same active ingredient as the brand-name but can have different base substance

Question 16

OTC drugs

Answer 16

can interact adversely with drugs
must be included on patients med list

Question 17

onset

Answer 17

when the med begins to take effect

Question 18

peak

Answer 18

max concentration of med in the body, greatest therapeutic effect

Question 19

duration

Answer 19

how long the drug produces desired effect

Question 20

effective concentration

Answer 20

the dose that is minimally effective

Question 21

toxic concentration

Answer 21

the dose that is toxic

Question 22

therapeutic window

Answer 22

lies between effective and toxic concentration doses the safest and most effective treatment monitored via blood levels

Question 23

INR

Answer 23

international normalized ratio used to test clotting times for px on warfarin

Question 24

Titration

Answer 24

some IV antibx need to be titrated for desired effect accomplished by monitoring blood levels

Question 25

peak drug level

Answer 25

highest level of a drug in the blood stream

Question 26

trough drug level

Answer 26

when the drug level is at its lowest, right before a second dose is given

Question 27

medications have a reference range for...

Answer 27

peak and trough levels to gauge how to keep a drug in the therapeutic window

Question 28

therapeutic index

Answer 28

measurement of the relative safety of the drug

Question 29

high vs low therapeutic index

Answer 29

high = large window = safe low = smaller window = less safe

Question 30

potency

Answer 30

the amount of drug required to produce desired effect

Question 31

drug selectivity

Answer 31

how readily a drug targets specific cells to produce desired effect non-selective drugs have a higher chance of causing SEs

Question 32

side effects vs adverse effects

Answer 32

SE are usually anticipated but unintended AE are unanticipated and usually more severe and are cause for stopping a medication

Question 33

grapefruit juice interaction

Answer 33

inhibits the CYP enzyme required for metabolism increases drug level adverse effects

Question 34

the 7 rights

Answer 34

right patient medication dose route time documentation reason

Question 35

schedule I drugs

Answer 35

no medicinal qualities most potential for abuse (marijuana, LSD, etc.)

Question 36

schedule II drugs

Answer 36

some medicinal qualities high potential for abuse (Cocaine, oxycontin, adderall)

Question 37

schedule III drugs

Answer 37

acceptable medicinal qualities moderate potential for abuse perscription required (ketamine, steroids)

Question 38

schedule IV drugs

Answer 38

acceptable medicinal qualities low potential for abuse perscription required, few refill regulations (xanax, valium)

Question 39

schedule V drugs

Answer 39

acceptable medicinal qualities lowest potential for abuse perscription required, fewest refill regulations (cough syrups with low codeine)