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Pharm unit 1 > Mod 1 Pharm principles and ethics > Flashcards

Mod 1 Pharm principles and ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

interaction of body and drug
four stages

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics stages

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

Pharmacodyanamics

A

effects of drug in the body and the mechanism of action

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4
Q

Affinity

A

how strongly a drug will bind to drug-receptor site

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5
Q

Bioavailability

A

the ability for a drug to be taken up by the body and made available where it’s needed and how much may remain in circulation

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6
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

how peoples genes affect response to meds

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7
Q

First pass effect

A

when part of a medication is broken down by liver enzymes and some escapes into circulation

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8
Q

Gastric absorption in neonate and pediatric patients

A

immature acid-producing cells in the stomach
slower gastric emptying
immature liver means decreased first-pass effect

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9
Q

Absorption in older adults

A

decreased blood flow to GI tract
change in gastric pH
variations in plasma proteins (important for protein-bound drugs)
decreased peripheral circulation
less body fat = decreased transdermal absorption

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10
Q

once a drug is in the blood stream…

A

some is dissolved in plasma water (free drug)
some taken up by RBC
some bound to plasma proteins

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11
Q

protein-bound drugs…

A

release the drug slowly
prolong the drugs action

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11
Q

distribution in neonate and peds patients

A

developing blood brain barrier allows more drugs to enter brain
protein binding capacity is decreased

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11
Q

prodrug

A

when a drug is metabolized into an active form by liver enzymes

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12
Q

taking several highly protein-bound drugs…

A

can cause greater side effects because some drugs are more able to bind than others, the leftovers free drugs are more likely to cause SE and toxicity

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12
Q

distribution in older adult patients

A

serum albumin decreases, so more free drug

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13
Q

kidney function measured by…

A

GFR
serum creatine
creatine clearance

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14
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for 50% of a drug to be eliminated from the body

15
Q

generic drugs

A

must have the same active ingredient as the brand-name but can have different base substance

16
Q

OTC drugs

A

can interact adversely with drugs
must be included on patients med list

17
Q

onset

A

when the med begins to take effect

18
Q

peak

A

max concentration of med in the body, greatest therapeutic effect

19
Q

duration

A

how long the drug produces desired effect

20
Q

effective concentration

A

the dose that is minimally effective

21
Q

toxic concentration

A

the dose that is toxic

22
Q

therapeutic window

A

lies between effective and toxic concentration doses
the safest and most effective treatment
monitored via blood levels

23
Q

INR

A

international normalized ratio
used to test clotting times for px on warfarin

24
Q

Titration

A

some IV antibx need to be titrated for desired effect
accomplished by monitoring blood levels

25
Q

peak drug level

A

highest level of a drug in the blood stream

26
Q

trough drug level

A

when the drug level is at its lowest, right before a second dose is given

27
Q

medications have a reference range for…

A

peak and trough levels to gauge how to keep a drug in the therapeutic window

28
Q

therapeutic index

A

measurement of the relative safety of the drug

29
Q

high vs low therapeutic index

A

high = large window = safe
low = smaller window = less safe

30
Q

potency

A

the amount of drug required to produce desired effect

31
Q

drug selectivity

A

how readily a drug targets specific cells to produce desired effect
non-selective drugs have a higher chance of causing SEs

32
Q

side effects vs adverse effects

A

SE are usually anticipated but unintended
AE are unanticipated and usually more severe and are cause for stopping a medication

33
Q

grapefruit juice interaction

A

inhibits the CYP enzyme required for metabolism
increases drug level
adverse effects

34
Q

the 7 rights

A

right patient
medication
dose
route
time
documentation
reason

35
Q

schedule I drugs

A

no medicinal qualities
most potential for abuse
(marijuana, LSD, etc.)

36
Q

schedule II drugs

A

some medicinal qualities
high potential for abuse
(Cocaine, oxycontin, adderall)

37
Q

schedule III drugs

A

acceptable medicinal qualities
moderate potential for abuse
perscription required
(ketamine, steroids)

38
Q

schedule IV drugs

A

acceptable medicinal qualities
low potential for abuse
perscription required, few refill regulations
(xanax, valium)

39
Q

schedule V drugs

A

acceptable medicinal qualities
lowest potential for abuse
perscription required, fewest refill regulations
(cough syrups with low codeine)

Pharm unit 1 (10 decks)

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