Mod 1 - NAV Flashcards
What are the components of Air Navigation?
Position Course Distance Time Altitude
List Air Navigation Methods
Visual
Dead reckoning
Radio
Area.
What are the requirements for Visual Navigation?
Visibility
Reference to the ground.
Used in combination to other methods.
What are the requirements for Dead Reckoning Navigation?
Deduced position
Vectors - Air, Wind and Ground.
What are the requirements for Radio Navigation and what does it deliver?
No external vis required
Course, Distance, Position.
What is Area Navigation and list systems?
Permits nav free of radio beacons
Autonomous systems - INS, IRS
Non autonomous systems - VOR/DME, DME/DME, SAT NAV, LORAN.
What is the World Geodetric Refererence System?
WGS84
Global earth’s centred reference system
ICAO requirement since 1998
Mean Earth Circumference
40,000km
21,600NM
Mean Earth Diameter
12,735 km
6876 NM
Rotational Speed at Equator
1670 km/hr
900 kts
15°/hr
What is a Great Circle and give example?
A circle on the surface of a sphere which lies in a plane passing through the sphere’s centre.
Represents the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere - preferred route taken by a ship or aircraft.
Equator
Describe the Equator
Great circle
0 degrees of latitude
Perpendicular to polar axis
Divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere.
What are circles of Longtitude?
Great circles
Run through the poles
Perpendicular to the equator
What is a Meridian?
Semi great circle
Joining North and South poles
Prime Meridian used since 1884.
What are Parallels?
Small circle which parallel to the equator and perpendicular to the polar axis.
What is Latitude and how is it measured?
Origin centre of earth
Measuring along a meridian from the equator to the local parallel.
What is Longitude and how is it measured?
Origin centre of earth
Measuring from 0° to 180° between the prime meridian and the local meridian.
Definition of NM
The distance measured along an arc of orthodromy intercepted by an angle of one minute of arc measured at the centre of the earth.
1.852km.
What are Km used for in Aviation?
Visibility
Required horizontal distance to clouds.
What are Ft used for in Aviation?
Altitude
Height
Required vertical distance to clouds.
What are Kts used for in Aviation?
1kt = 1NM/H
AC horizontal speed
Wind speed.
What are Ft/m and m/s used for in Aviation?
Vertical speed
Wind speed.
Rule of thumb; Ft <>m
Ft / 3 - 10% = m
M x 3 + 10% = ft.
Rule of thumb; NM <> km
NM x 2 - 10% = km
Km / 2 + 10% = NM.
Rule of thumb; NM <> ft
1 NM = 6000’ Approx
Rule of thumb; Km <> ft
1 km = 3300’ approx.
Rule of thumb; L <> US GAL
L / 4 + 5% = US GAL
US GAL × 4 - 5% = l.
Rule of thumb; Kg <> lb
Kg x 2 + 10% = lb
Lb / 2 - 10% = kg.
What is Declination and what is it’s value?
The angle between the plane of orbit and the equator
23.5°
Define Civil Twilight
When the centre of the sun lies 6° below the horizon.
What is the average length of Twilight at 50°N?
40 min.
What is the difference to SR and SS times in North and South Germany?
24 mins.
When does a day start?
At lower culmination of the sun. At midday the sun is at its upper culmination.
What is UTC?
Universal Time Coordinated
Based on international atomic time
Time reference in navigation.
What is the CET reference Meridian?
15°E
Explain Earth Magnetism
Two magnetic poles, not collated with geographical poles, very small annual movement.
Magnetic field therefore no magnetic grid possible, many areas of disturbance, magnetic poles are not exactly opposite.
Describe Magnetic Variation
The angle between the magnetic meridian and the true meridian.
Affects of Material on Magnetism
Any ferromagnetic material or electrical circuit will affect the compass system
The compass direction may deviate from the magnetic direction.
What is Deviation?
The angle between MN and CN
Individual to each AC and changes with AC HDG
Calculation of TH to CH
T V M D C Add West
List properties of Map Projections
True angles
True shapes
True scale.
What are True Angles?
Angle between meridians and parallels of latitude = 90 degrees.
On a map this angle is almost met.
Important feature on maps.
What are True Shapes?
Importance depends upon the nav method
Must not be perfect.
What is True Scale?
Must be fairly good for purpose
Important feature, but hard to meet
List types of Projection
Cylindrical
Conical
Azimuthal
What are the references for Conical Projection?
Cone touches surface of the earth at standard parallel
Projection point is the centre of the earth.
What is the preferred Method of Projection for navigation?
Lambert’s Conical Projection
How is a Meridian represented on the Lambert’s Conical Projection?
Straight line converging towards the poles.
How are Parallels represented on Lambert’s Conical Projection?
Concentric arcs of circles.
How is a Great Circle represented on Lambert’s Conical Projection?
Approximately straight line.
How is a Rhumb Line represented on Lambert’s Conical Projection?
Curved towards the equator.
What is the scale of Aeronautical Charts?
1:500 000
What is the scale of En Route Charts?
1:1 000 000
What are the components of Dead Reckoning Navigation?
Air Vector - HDG and TAS
Ground Vector - Track and GS
Wind Vector - Wind Direction and Speed.
What is IAS and when is it used by ATS?
Indicated Air Speed
Speed control
What is TAS and how can ATC see it?
True Air Speed is the speed of the Air Vector
TAS seen on FPs.
What is GS and how do ATC see it?
Ground Speed is the Ground Vector
GS is displayed on the radar screen.
What is Drift Angle (DA)?
Angle between HDG and TRK
Air vector -> Ground vector
What is Wind Correction Angle (WCA)?
Angle between DTK and HDG
(Ground vector -> Air vector)
Equal to DA but opposite orientation.
What is Wind Angle (WA)?
Angle between Ground Vector and Wind Vector
- angle from the left
+ angle from the right
What is Relative Wind Angle (RWA)?
Angle between Air Vector and Wind Vector
- angle from the left
+ angle from the right
Name the Method used to calculate CWC, HWC and TWC
Third Method.
What is the calculation for WCA?
CWC x 60 / TAS
What documents and materials can be used for Flight Planning?
Charts
Met data
Nav materials
What must charts enable?
Navigation
Avoidance of obstacles
Avoidance of restricted areas
Flight path according to the airspace structure.
What Information must a chart show?
Terrestrial state
Obstacles
Airspace structure
Nav aids
List considerations when using Waypoints for Navigation
Must be clearly identified and not too close to each other
How is Obstacle Avoidance dealt with when Flight Planning?
Check the area 5NM around estimated position for highest obstacle or elevation and add 500’.
For more detail additional waypoints can be added.
What are the components of Vertical Navigation?
Climb
Cruise
Descent
What is the Descent Gradient?
5.2%
300’/NM
What is the Constant ROD for a Small AC?
500’/min
What is TH?
True HDG
Angle between TN longitudinal axis.
What is TT?
True Track
Angle between TN and Track
What is RB?
Relative Bearing
Angle between Longitudinal axis and the BRG
Measured in clockwise direction.
What is TB?
True Bearing
TH + RB
What is QDM?
Magnetic BRG to
What QDR?
Magnetic BRG from
What is QUJ?
True BRG to
What is QTE?
True BRG from
What is a RBI?
Relative Bearing Indicator
What is a MDI?
Moving Dial Indicator
What is a RMI?
Radio Magnetic Indicator
Describe Homing
Procedure for flying direct to a fix, does not take wind into account.
What are the disadvantages of Homing
Permanent HDG changes
Not the shortest route
Unable to maintain required TRK
Inbound to a station only - short distance
What is Tracking and what are it’s advantages?
Flight on a required inbound / outbound course
Direct and shortest route to and from a fix.
What is a CDI inc GP?
Course Deviation Indicator inc Glide Path
What is a HSI inc HDG?
Horizontal Situation Indicator inc Heading
What is PA and give examples?
Precision Approach
ILS, MLS, GLS, PAR, GNSS with SBAS Cat I
What is APV and give examples?
Approach with Vertical Guidance
GNSS with Baro-VNAV
GNSS with SBAS
What is NPA and give examples?
Non Precision Approach
LOC, VOR, NDB, GNSS, SRA, TACAN
What is the MDA(H) or DA(H) for a Type A App?
250’
What is the DA(H) of a Type B App?
Below 250’.
What are the Type B Cat I Lowest Operating Minima?
DH not lower than 200’
Vis not less than 800m or
RVR not less than 550m.
What are the Type B Cat II Lowest Operating Minima?
DH lower than 200’ but no lower than 100’
RVR not less than 300m.
What are Type B Cat IIIA Lowest Operating MInima?
DH lower than 100’, or no DH
RVR not less than 175m.
What are Type B Cat IIIB Lowest Operating Minima?
DH lower than 50’, or no DH
RVR less than 175m but not less than 50m.
What are Type C Cat IIIC Lowest Operating Minima?
No DH and no RVR limitations.
What information does 2D Approach give?
Lateral guidance
What information does a 3D Approach give?
Lateral and Vertical Guidance.
What reference point is used to calculate DH?
Threshold elevation.
What reference point is used to calculate MDH?
Aerodrome Elevation or Threshold Elevation
When would Threshold Elevation be used as the reference point for MDH?
If the threshold is more than 7’ below the Aerodrome elevation.
What are the segments of an Instrument Approach?
- Arrival Route
- Initial Approach
- Intermediate Approach
- Final Approach
- Missed Approach
What are the fixes used on an Instrument Approach?
IAF - Initial App Fix
IF - Intermediate Fix
FAF - Final App Fix
MAPt - Missed App Point
At what parts of an IAP would the MOC be 300m?
Arrival Segment
Initial App Segment
Missed App Segment
What is the MOC at the Intermediate App Segment?
150m
At what part of the IAP would OCH be used?
Final App Segment
What Methods can be used to design the Initial App with only one Ground Station?
Reversal Procedures
Racetrack Procedures.
What types of Turn Method can be used in a Reversal Procedure?
Procedure turns
Base turns
List the Benefits of Area Navigation
Safety Navigational flexibility Shorter routes Reduced time en route Less fuel usage Reduced workload for ATCOs and Aircrew
Name the types of Waypoints
Fly by
Fly over
Name RNAV System Sensors
VOR/DME DME/DME GNSS ILS INS LORAN
What Improvements can an Augmentation System offer to a GNSS?
Accuracy
Reliability
Availability.
What does EPU mean?
Estimation Position Uncertainty
What is the Maximum Course Deviation on a CDI?
10 degrees.
How many Satellites are required for a 3D Position?
4
How many Satellites are required to use GNSS as a ‘Stand Alone’ Navigation Source?
At least 6
What is the number of Satellites required for Fault Detection?
5
List Navigational Systems used in an FMS
INS/INS DME/DME VOR/DME LOC DME/DME-LOC VOR/DME-LOC
What Items are contained in the Navigation Database in an FMS?
Radio Navigation stations Waypoints Airports and runways En-route airways SIDS STARS Holding patterns.
How often is the Navigation Database in an FMS updated?
Every AIRAC cycle - 28 days.
What type of Range information does a DME give?
Slant range
1NM = ~6000’
What radio navigation aids can the FMS use?
DME
VOR
LOC
What is RNAV and what is it used for?
Lateral navigation
Track keeping
Turn anticipation
Radius to fix turn
What is VNAV and what is it used for?
Vertical navigation
Climb and descent profiles
Approach operation
What is PBN?
Performance Based Navigation
Area navigation based on performance requirements for AC operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace.
What are the benefits of PBN?
Improves safety
Improves operating returns
Increases airspace capacity
Environmentally friendly
What are the benefits of PBN to ATC?
Safety culture Fewer radio transmissions Less chance of readback/hearback errors Greater predictability Airspace containment Fewer go arounds Less transit occupancy time in airspace Changing roles and responsibilities Best practice involving stakeholders in design
List the errors summarised to calculate the Total System Error (TSE)
Path Definition Error (PDE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Flight Technical Error (FTE)
What are the advantages of RNP over RNAV?
Operation up to TSE 0.1NM
No surveillance through ATCO required
No direct communications required
Enables a curved path - radius to fix and approach procedures
What is the main difference between RNP and RNAV and what does this enable?
RNP requires on-board performance monitoring and alerting which enables closer route spacing and better integrity
What are the navigation specifications of PBN?
Accuracy
Integrity
Continuity
Functionality
What equipment can be used to establish a Hold?
Ground station (VOR, NDB…)
Intersection
DME fix
RNAV Waypoint
What is turn criteria for a standard holding pattern?
ICAO std turn - 3°/sec, 25° bank
What are the timing criteria for a standard holding pattern?
1 min (outbound leg) FL140 and below 1.5 min (outbound leg) Above FL140
What holding pattern levels may be annotated on a chart?
Minimum holding level
Minimum holding altitude
What is the speed limitation for flights at FL140 and below in a standard holding pattern?
230 kts (IAS)
What is the speed limitation for flights above FL140 to FL200 in a standard holding pattern?
240 kts (IAS)
What is the speed limitation for flights above FL200 in a standard holding pattern?
265 kts (IAS)
Describe the Sector 1 Entry
Parallel Entry Sector
Approach fix from NW
Size of sector = 110°
Describe the Sector 2 Enrty
Offset or Teardrop Entry Sector
Approach fix from SW
Size of sector = 70°
Describe the Sector 3 Entry
Direct Entry Sector
Approach fix from NE to SE
Size of sector = 180°
When may a higher hold speed above FL140 be allowed?
In case of SEV TURB but only permitted after prior consent by the relevant ATSU
What is navigation?
The process or method with which ans AC is guided safely from its starting point to a destination, determining the position of the AC, monitoring its flight path and making any necessary corrections.
