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ADI 03 > Mod 1 - NAV > Flashcards

Mod 1 - NAV Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of Air Navigation?

A 
Position
Course
Distance
Time
Altitude
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2
Q

List Air Navigation Methods

A

Visual
Dead reckoning
Radio
Area.

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3
Q

What are the requirements for Visual Navigation?

A

Visibility
Reference to the ground.
Used in combination to other methods.

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4
Q

What are the requirements for Dead Reckoning Navigation?

A

Deduced position

Vectors - Air, Wind and Ground.

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5
Q

What are the requirements for Radio Navigation and what does it deliver?

A

No external vis required

Course, Distance, Position.

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6
Q

What is Area Navigation and list systems?

A

Permits nav free of radio beacons
Autonomous systems - INS, IRS
Non autonomous systems - VOR/DME, DME/DME, SAT NAV, LORAN.

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7
Q

What is the World Geodetric Refererence System?

A

WGS84
Global earth’s centred reference system
ICAO requirement since 1998

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8
Q

Mean Earth Circumference

A

40,000km

21,600NM

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9
Q

Mean Earth Diameter

A

12,735 km

6876 NM

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10
Q

Rotational Speed at Equator

A

1670 km/hr
900 kts
15°/hr

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11
Q

What is a Great Circle and give example?

A

A circle on the surface of a sphere which lies in a plane passing through the sphere’s centre.
Represents the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere - preferred route taken by a ship or aircraft.
Equator

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12
Q

Describe the Equator

A

Great circle
0 degrees of latitude
Perpendicular to polar axis
Divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere.

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13
Q

What are circles of Longtitude?

A

Great circles
Run through the poles
Perpendicular to the equator

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14
Q

What is a Meridian?

A

Semi great circle
Joining North and South poles

Prime Meridian used since 1884.

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15
Q

What are Parallels?

A

Small circle which parallel to the equator and perpendicular to the polar axis.

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16
Q

What is Latitude and how is it measured?

A

Origin centre of earth

Measuring along a meridian from the equator to the local parallel.

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17
Q

What is Longitude and how is it measured?

A

Origin centre of earth

Measuring from 0° to 180° between the prime meridian and the local meridian.

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18
Q

Definition of NM

A

The distance measured along an arc of orthodromy intercepted by an angle of one minute of arc measured at the centre of the earth.
1.852km.

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19
Q

What are Km used for in Aviation?

A

Visibility

Required horizontal distance to clouds.

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20
Q

What are Ft used for in Aviation?

A

Altitude
Height
Required vertical distance to clouds.

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21
Q

What are Kts used for in Aviation?

A

1kt = 1NM/H
AC horizontal speed
Wind speed.

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22
Q

What are Ft/m and m/s used for in Aviation?

A

Vertical speed

Wind speed.

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23
Q

Rule of thumb; Ft <>m

A

Ft / 3 - 10% = m

M x 3 + 10% = ft.

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24
Q

Rule of thumb; NM <> km

A

NM x 2 - 10% = km

Km / 2 + 10% = NM.

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25
Q

Rule of thumb; NM <> ft

A

1 NM = 6000’ Approx

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26
Q

Rule of thumb; Km <> ft

A

1 km = 3300’ approx.

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27
Q

Rule of thumb; L <> US GAL

A

L / 4 + 5% = US GAL

US GAL × 4 - 5% = l.

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28
Q

Rule of thumb; Kg <> lb

A

Kg x 2 + 10% = lb

Lb / 2 - 10% = kg.

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29
Q

What is Declination and what is it’s value?

A

The angle between the plane of orbit and the equator

23.5°

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30
Q

Define Civil Twilight

A

When the centre of the sun lies 6° below the horizon.

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31
Q

What is the average length of Twilight at 50°N?

A

40 min.

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32
Q

What is the difference to SR and SS times in North and South Germany?

A

24 mins.

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33
Q

When does a day start?

A

At lower culmination of the sun. At midday the sun is at its upper culmination.

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34
Q

What is UTC?

A

Universal Time Coordinated
Based on international atomic time
Time reference in navigation.

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35
Q

What is the CET reference Meridian?

A

15°E

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36
Q

Explain Earth Magnetism

A

Two magnetic poles, not collated with geographical poles, very small annual movement.
Magnetic field therefore no magnetic grid possible, many areas of disturbance, magnetic poles are not exactly opposite.

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37
Q

Describe Magnetic Variation

A

The angle between the magnetic meridian and the true meridian.

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38
Q

Affects of Material on Magnetism

A

Any ferromagnetic material or electrical circuit will affect the compass system
The compass direction may deviate from the magnetic direction.

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39
Q

What is Deviation?

A

The angle between MN and CN

Individual to each AC and changes with AC HDG

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40
Q

Calculation of TH to CH

A 
T
V
M
D
C
Add West
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41
Q

List properties of Map Projections

A

True angles
True shapes
True scale.

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42
Q

What are True Angles?

A

Angle between meridians and parallels of latitude = 90 degrees.
On a map this angle is almost met.
Important feature on maps.

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43
Q

What are True Shapes?

A

Importance depends upon the nav method

Must not be perfect.

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44
Q

What is True Scale?

A

Must be fairly good for purpose

Important feature, but hard to meet

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45
Q

List types of Projection

A

Cylindrical
Conical
Azimuthal

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46
Q

What are the references for Conical Projection?

A

Cone touches surface of the earth at standard parallel

Projection point is the centre of the earth.

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47
Q

What is the preferred Method of Projection for navigation?

A

Lambert’s Conical Projection

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48
Q

How is a Meridian represented on the Lambert’s Conical Projection?

A

Straight line converging towards the poles.

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49
Q

How are Parallels represented on Lambert’s Conical Projection?

A

Concentric arcs of circles.

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50
Q

How is a Great Circle represented on Lambert’s Conical Projection?

A

Approximately straight line.

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51
Q

How is a Rhumb Line represented on Lambert’s Conical Projection?

A

Curved towards the equator.

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52
Q

What is the scale of Aeronautical Charts?

A

1:500 000

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53
Q

What is the scale of En Route Charts?

A

1:1 000 000

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54
Q

What are the components of Dead Reckoning Navigation?

A

Air Vector - HDG and TAS
Ground Vector - Track and GS
Wind Vector - Wind Direction and Speed.

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55
Q

What is IAS and when is it used by ATS?

A

Indicated Air Speed

Speed control

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56
Q

What is TAS and how can ATC see it?

A

True Air Speed is the speed of the Air Vector

TAS seen on FPs.

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57
Q

What is GS and how do ATC see it?

A

Ground Speed is the Ground Vector

GS is displayed on the radar screen.

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58
Q

What is Drift Angle (DA)?

A

Angle between HDG and TRK

Air vector -> Ground vector

59
Q

What is Wind Correction Angle (WCA)?

A

Angle between DTK and HDG
(Ground vector -> Air vector)
Equal to DA but opposite orientation.

60
Q

What is Wind Angle (WA)?

A

Angle between Ground Vector and Wind Vector
- angle from the left
+ angle from the right

61
Q

What is Relative Wind Angle (RWA)?

A

Angle between Air Vector and Wind Vector
- angle from the left
+ angle from the right

62
Q

Name the Method used to calculate CWC, HWC and TWC

A

Third Method.

63
Q

What is the calculation for WCA?

A

CWC x 60 / TAS

64
Q

What documents and materials can be used for Flight Planning?

A

Charts
Met data
Nav materials

65
Q

What must charts enable?

A

Navigation
Avoidance of obstacles
Avoidance of restricted areas
Flight path according to the airspace structure.

66
Q

What Information must a chart show?

A

Terrestrial state
Obstacles
Airspace structure
Nav aids

67
Q

List considerations when using Waypoints for Navigation

A

Must be clearly identified and not too close to each other

68
Q

How is Obstacle Avoidance dealt with when Flight Planning?

A

Check the area 5NM around estimated position for highest obstacle or elevation and add 500’.
For more detail additional waypoints can be added.

69
Q

What are the components of Vertical Navigation?

A

Climb
Cruise
Descent

70
Q

What is the Descent Gradient?

A

5.2%

300’/NM

71
Q

What is the Constant ROD for a Small AC?

A

500’/min

72
Q

What is TH?

A

True HDG

Angle between TN longitudinal axis.

73
Q

What is TT?

A

True Track

Angle between TN and Track

74
Q

What is RB?

A

Relative Bearing
Angle between Longitudinal axis and the BRG
Measured in clockwise direction.

75
Q

What is TB?

A

True Bearing

TH + RB

76
Q

What is QDM?

A

Magnetic BRG to

77
Q

What QDR?

A

Magnetic BRG from

78
Q

What is QUJ?

A

True BRG to

79
Q

What is QTE?

A

True BRG from

80
Q

What is a RBI?

A

Relative Bearing Indicator

81
Q

What is a MDI?

A

Moving Dial Indicator

82
Q

What is a RMI?

A

Radio Magnetic Indicator

83
Q

Describe Homing

A

Procedure for flying direct to a fix, does not take wind into account.

84
Q

What are the disadvantages of Homing

A

Permanent HDG changes
Not the shortest route
Unable to maintain required TRK
Inbound to a station only - short distance

85
Q

What is Tracking and what are it’s advantages?

A

Flight on a required inbound / outbound course

Direct and shortest route to and from a fix.

86
Q

What is a CDI inc GP?

A

Course Deviation Indicator inc Glide Path

87
Q

What is a HSI inc HDG?

A

Horizontal Situation Indicator inc Heading

88
Q

What is PA and give examples?

A

Precision Approach

ILS, MLS, GLS, PAR, GNSS with SBAS Cat I

89
Q

What is APV and give examples?

A

Approach with Vertical Guidance
GNSS with Baro-VNAV
GNSS with SBAS

90
Q

What is NPA and give examples?

A

Non Precision Approach

LOC, VOR, NDB, GNSS, SRA, TACAN

91
Q

What is the MDA(H) or DA(H) for a Type A App?

A

250’

92
Q

What is the DA(H) of a Type B App?

A

Below 250’.

93
Q

What are the Type B Cat I Lowest Operating Minima?

A

DH not lower than 200’
Vis not less than 800m or
RVR not less than 550m.

94
Q

What are the Type B Cat II Lowest Operating Minima?

A

DH lower than 200’ but no lower than 100’

RVR not less than 300m.

95
Q

What are Type B Cat IIIA Lowest Operating MInima?

A

DH lower than 100’, or no DH

RVR not less than 175m.

96
Q

What are Type B Cat IIIB Lowest Operating Minima?

A

DH lower than 50’, or no DH

RVR less than 175m but not less than 50m.

97
Q

What are Type C Cat IIIC Lowest Operating Minima?

A

No DH and no RVR limitations.

98
Q

What information does 2D Approach give?

A

Lateral guidance

99
Q

What information does a 3D Approach give?

A

Lateral and Vertical Guidance.

100
Q

What reference point is used to calculate DH?

A

Threshold elevation.

101
Q

What reference point is used to calculate MDH?

A

Aerodrome Elevation or Threshold Elevation

102
Q

When would Threshold Elevation be used as the reference point for MDH?

A

If the threshold is more than 7’ below the Aerodrome elevation.

103
Q

What are the segments of an Instrument Approach?

A
  1. Arrival Route
  2. Initial Approach
  3. Intermediate Approach
  4. Final Approach
  5. Missed Approach
104
Q

What are the fixes used on an Instrument Approach?

A

IAF - Initial App Fix
IF - Intermediate Fix
FAF - Final App Fix
MAPt - Missed App Point

105
Q

At what parts of an IAP would the MOC be 300m?

A

Arrival Segment
Initial App Segment
Missed App Segment

106
Q

What is the MOC at the Intermediate App Segment?

A

150m

107
Q

At what part of the IAP would OCH be used?

A

Final App Segment

108
Q

What Methods can be used to design the Initial App with only one Ground Station?

A

Reversal Procedures

Racetrack Procedures.

109
Q

What types of Turn Method can be used in a Reversal Procedure?

A

Procedure turns

Base turns

110
Q

List the Benefits of Area Navigation

A 
Safety
Navigational flexibility
Shorter routes
Reduced time en route
Less fuel usage
Reduced workload for ATCOs and Aircrew
111
Q

Name the types of Waypoints

A

Fly by

Fly over

112
Q

Name RNAV System Sensors

A 
VOR/DME
DME/DME
GNSS
ILS
INS
LORAN
113
Q

What Improvements can an Augmentation System offer to a GNSS?

A

Accuracy
Reliability
Availability.

114
Q

What does EPU mean?

A

Estimation Position Uncertainty

115
Q

What is the Maximum Course Deviation on a CDI?

A

10 degrees.

116
Q

How many Satellites are required for a 3D Position?

A

4

117
Q

How many Satellites are required to use GNSS as a ‘Stand Alone’ Navigation Source?

A

At least 6

118
Q

What is the number of Satellites required for Fault Detection?

A

5

119
Q

List Navigational Systems used in an FMS

A 
INS/INS 
DME/DME 
VOR/DME
LOC
DME/DME-LOC
VOR/DME-LOC
120
Q

What Items are contained in the Navigation Database in an FMS?

A 
Radio Navigation stations 
Waypoints 
Airports and runways
En-route airways
SIDS 
STARS 
Holding patterns.
121
Q

How often is the Navigation Database in an FMS updated?

A

Every AIRAC cycle - 28 days.

122
Q

What type of Range information does a DME give?

A

Slant range

1NM = ~6000’

123
Q

What radio navigation aids can the FMS use?

A

DME
VOR
LOC

124
Q

What is RNAV and what is it used for?

A

Lateral navigation
Track keeping
Turn anticipation
Radius to fix turn

125
Q

What is VNAV and what is it used for?

A

Vertical navigation
Climb and descent profiles
Approach operation

126
Q

What is PBN?

A

Performance Based Navigation
Area navigation based on performance requirements for AC operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace.

127
Q

What are the benefits of PBN?

A

Improves safety
Improves operating returns
Increases airspace capacity
Environmentally friendly

128
Q

What are the benefits of PBN to ATC?

A 
Safety culture
Fewer radio transmissions
Less chance of readback/hearback errors
Greater predictability
Airspace containment
Fewer go arounds
Less transit occupancy time in airspace
Changing roles and responsibilities
Best practice involving stakeholders in design
129
Q

List the errors summarised to calculate the Total System Error (TSE)

A

Path Definition Error (PDE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Flight Technical Error (FTE)

130
Q

What are the advantages of RNP over RNAV?

A

Operation up to TSE 0.1NM
No surveillance through ATCO required
No direct communications required
Enables a curved path - radius to fix and approach procedures

131
Q

What is the main difference between RNP and RNAV and what does this enable?

A

RNP requires on-board performance monitoring and alerting which enables closer route spacing and better integrity

132
Q

What are the navigation specifications of PBN?

A

Accuracy
Integrity
Continuity
Functionality

133
Q

What equipment can be used to establish a Hold?

A

Ground station (VOR, NDB…)
Intersection
DME fix
RNAV Waypoint

134
Q

What is turn criteria for a standard holding pattern?

A

ICAO std turn - 3°/sec, 25° bank

135
Q

What are the timing criteria for a standard holding pattern?

A 
1 min (outbound leg) FL140 and below
1.5 min (outbound leg) Above FL140
136
Q

What holding pattern levels may be annotated on a chart?

A

Minimum holding level

Minimum holding altitude

137
Q

What is the speed limitation for flights at FL140 and below in a standard holding pattern?

A

230 kts (IAS)

138
Q

What is the speed limitation for flights above FL140 to FL200 in a standard holding pattern?

A

240 kts (IAS)

139
Q

What is the speed limitation for flights above FL200 in a standard holding pattern?

A

265 kts (IAS)

140
Q

Describe the Sector 1 Entry

A

Parallel Entry Sector
Approach fix from NW
Size of sector = 110°

141
Q

Describe the Sector 2 Enrty

A

Offset or Teardrop Entry Sector
Approach fix from SW
Size of sector = 70°

142
Q

Describe the Sector 3 Entry

A

Direct Entry Sector
Approach fix from NE to SE
Size of sector = 180°

143
Q

When may a higher hold speed above FL140 be allowed?

A

In case of SEV TURB but only permitted after prior consent by the relevant ATSU

144
Q

What is navigation?

A

The process or method with which ans AC is guided safely from its starting point to a destination, determining the position of the AC, monitoring its flight path and making any necessary corrections.

ADI 03 (10 decks)

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