Mod 1 - NAV Flashcards
1
Q
What are the components of Air Navigation?
A
Position Course Distance Time Altitude
2
Q
List Air Navigation Methods
A
Visual
Dead reckoning
Radio
Area.
3
Q
What are the requirements for Visual Navigation?
A
Visibility
Reference to the ground.
Used in combination to other methods.
4
Q
What are the requirements for Dead Reckoning Navigation?
A
Deduced position
Vectors - Air, Wind and Ground.
5
Q
What are the requirements for Radio Navigation and what does it deliver?
A
No external vis required
Course, Distance, Position.
6
Q
What is Area Navigation and list systems?
A
Permits nav free of radio beacons
Autonomous systems - INS, IRS
Non autonomous systems - VOR/DME, DME/DME, SAT NAV, LORAN.
7
Q
What is the World Geodetric Refererence System?
A
WGS84
Global earth’s centred reference system
ICAO requirement since 1998
8
Q
Mean Earth Circumference
A
40,000km
21,600NM
9
Q
Mean Earth Diameter
A
12,735 km
6876 NM
10
Q
Rotational Speed at Equator
A
1670 km/hr
900 kts
15°/hr
11
Q
What is a Great Circle and give example?
A
A circle on the surface of a sphere which lies in a plane passing through the sphere’s centre.
Represents the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere - preferred route taken by a ship or aircraft.
Equator
12
Q
Describe the Equator
A
Great circle
0 degrees of latitude
Perpendicular to polar axis
Divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere.
13
Q
What are circles of Longtitude?
A
Great circles
Run through the poles
Perpendicular to the equator
14
Q
What is a Meridian?
A
Semi great circle
Joining North and South poles
Prime Meridian used since 1884.
15
Q
What are Parallels?
A
Small circle which parallel to the equator and perpendicular to the polar axis.
16
Q
What is Latitude and how is it measured?
A
Origin centre of earth
Measuring along a meridian from the equator to the local parallel.
17
Q
What is Longitude and how is it measured?
A
Origin centre of earth
Measuring from 0° to 180° between the prime meridian and the local meridian.
18
Q
Definition of NM
A
The distance measured along an arc of orthodromy intercepted by an angle of one minute of arc measured at the centre of the earth.
1.852km.
19
Q
What are Km used for in Aviation?
A
Visibility
Required horizontal distance to clouds.
20
Q
What are Ft used for in Aviation?
A
Altitude
Height
Required vertical distance to clouds.
21
Q
What are Kts used for in Aviation?
A
1kt = 1NM/H
AC horizontal speed
Wind speed.
22
Q
What are Ft/m and m/s used for in Aviation?
A
Vertical speed
Wind speed.
23
Q
Rule of thumb; Ft <>m
A
Ft / 3 - 10% = m
M x 3 + 10% = ft.
24
Q
Rule of thumb; NM <> km
A
NM x 2 - 10% = km
Km / 2 + 10% = NM.
25
Rule of thumb; NM <> ft
1 NM = 6000' Approx
26
Rule of thumb; Km <> ft
1 km = 3300' approx.
27
Rule of thumb; L <> US GAL
L / 4 + 5% = US GAL
| US GAL × 4 - 5% = l.
28
Rule of thumb; Kg <> lb
Kg x 2 + 10% = lb
| Lb / 2 - 10% = kg.
29
What is Declination and what is it's value?
The angle between the plane of orbit and the equator
| 23.5°
30
Define Civil Twilight
When the centre of the sun lies 6° below the horizon.
31
What is the average length of Twilight at 50°N?
40 min.
32
What is the difference to SR and SS times in North and South Germany?
24 mins.
33
When does a day start?
At lower culmination of the sun. At midday the sun is at its upper culmination.
34
What is UTC?
Universal Time Coordinated
Based on international atomic time
Time reference in navigation.
35
What is the CET reference Meridian?
15°E
36
Explain Earth Magnetism
Two magnetic poles, not collated with geographical poles, very small annual movement.
Magnetic field therefore no magnetic grid possible, many areas of disturbance, magnetic poles are not exactly opposite.
37
Describe Magnetic Variation
The angle between the magnetic meridian and the true meridian.
38
Affects of Material on Magnetism
Any ferromagnetic material or electrical circuit will affect the compass system
The compass direction may deviate from the magnetic direction.
39
What is Deviation?
The angle between MN and CN
| Individual to each AC and changes with AC HDG
40
Calculation of TH to CH
```
T
V
M
D
C
Add West
```
41
List properties of Map Projections
True angles
True shapes
True scale.
42
What are True Angles?
Angle between meridians and parallels of latitude = 90 degrees.
On a map this angle is almost met.
Important feature on maps.
43
What are True Shapes?
Importance depends upon the nav method
| Must not be perfect.
44
What is True Scale?
Must be fairly good for purpose
| Important feature, but hard to meet
45
List types of Projection
Cylindrical
Conical
Azimuthal
46
What are the references for Conical Projection?
Cone touches surface of the earth at standard parallel
| Projection point is the centre of the earth.
47
What is the preferred Method of Projection for navigation?
Lambert's Conical Projection
48
How is a Meridian represented on the Lambert's Conical Projection?
Straight line converging towards the poles.
49
How are Parallels represented on Lambert's Conical Projection?
Concentric arcs of circles.
50
How is a Great Circle represented on Lambert's Conical Projection?
Approximately straight line.
51
How is a Rhumb Line represented on Lambert's Conical Projection?
Curved towards the equator.
52
What is the scale of Aeronautical Charts?
1:500 000
53
What is the scale of En Route Charts?
1:1 000 000
54
What are the components of Dead Reckoning Navigation?
Air Vector - HDG and TAS
Ground Vector - Track and GS
Wind Vector - Wind Direction and Speed.
55
What is IAS and when is it used by ATS?
Indicated Air Speed
| Speed control
56
What is TAS and how can ATC see it?
True Air Speed is the speed of the Air Vector
| TAS seen on FPs.
57
What is GS and how do ATC see it?
Ground Speed is the Ground Vector
| GS is displayed on the radar screen.
58
What is Drift Angle (DA)?
Angle between HDG and TRK
| Air vector -> Ground vector
59
What is Wind Correction Angle (WCA)?
Angle between DTK and HDG
(Ground vector -> Air vector)
Equal to DA but opposite orientation.
60
What is Wind Angle (WA)?
Angle between Ground Vector and Wind Vector
- angle from the left
+ angle from the right
61
What is Relative Wind Angle (RWA)?
Angle between Air Vector and Wind Vector
- angle from the left
+ angle from the right
62
Name the Method used to calculate CWC, HWC and TWC
Third Method.
63
What is the calculation for WCA?
CWC x 60 / TAS
64
What documents and materials can be used for Flight Planning?
Charts
Met data
Nav materials
65
What must charts enable?
Navigation
Avoidance of obstacles
Avoidance of restricted areas
Flight path according to the airspace structure.
66
What Information must a chart show?
Terrestrial state
Obstacles
Airspace structure
Nav aids
67
List considerations when using Waypoints for Navigation
Must be clearly identified and not too close to each other
68
How is Obstacle Avoidance dealt with when Flight Planning?
Check the area 5NM around estimated position for highest obstacle or elevation and add 500'.
For more detail additional waypoints can be added.
69
What are the components of Vertical Navigation?
Climb
Cruise
Descent
70
What is the Descent Gradient?
5.2%
| 300'/NM
71
What is the Constant ROD for a Small AC?
500'/min
72
What is TH?
True HDG
| Angle between TN longitudinal axis.
73
What is TT?
True Track
| Angle between TN and Track
74
What is RB?
Relative Bearing
Angle between Longitudinal axis and the BRG
Measured in clockwise direction.
75
What is TB?
True Bearing
| TH + RB
76
What is QDM?
Magnetic BRG to
77
What QDR?
Magnetic BRG from
78
What is QUJ?
True BRG to
79
What is QTE?
True BRG from
80
What is a RBI?
Relative Bearing Indicator
81
What is a MDI?
Moving Dial Indicator
82
What is a RMI?
Radio Magnetic Indicator
83
Describe Homing
Procedure for flying direct to a fix, does not take wind into account.
84
What are the disadvantages of Homing
Permanent HDG changes
Not the shortest route
Unable to maintain required TRK
Inbound to a station only - short distance
85
What is Tracking and what are it's advantages?
Flight on a required inbound / outbound course
| Direct and shortest route to and from a fix.
86
What is a CDI inc GP?
Course Deviation Indicator inc Glide Path
87
What is a HSI inc HDG?
Horizontal Situation Indicator inc Heading
88
What is PA and give examples?
Precision Approach
| ILS, MLS, GLS, PAR, GNSS with SBAS Cat I
89
What is APV and give examples?
Approach with Vertical Guidance
GNSS with Baro-VNAV
GNSS with SBAS
90
What is NPA and give examples?
Non Precision Approach
| LOC, VOR, NDB, GNSS, SRA, TACAN
91
What is the MDA(H) or DA(H) for a Type A App?
250'
92
What is the DA(H) of a Type B App?
Below 250'.
93
What are the Type B Cat I Lowest Operating Minima?
DH not lower than 200'
Vis not less than 800m or
RVR not less than 550m.
94
What are the Type B Cat II Lowest Operating Minima?
DH lower than 200' but no lower than 100'
| RVR not less than 300m.
95
What are Type B Cat IIIA Lowest Operating MInima?
DH lower than 100', or no DH
| RVR not less than 175m.
96
What are Type B Cat IIIB Lowest Operating Minima?
DH lower than 50', or no DH
| RVR less than 175m but not less than 50m.
97
What are Type C Cat IIIC Lowest Operating Minima?
No DH and no RVR limitations.
98
What information does 2D Approach give?
Lateral guidance
99
What information does a 3D Approach give?
Lateral and Vertical Guidance.
100
What reference point is used to calculate DH?
Threshold elevation.
101
What reference point is used to calculate MDH?
Aerodrome Elevation or Threshold Elevation
102
When would Threshold Elevation be used as the reference point for MDH?
If the threshold is more than 7' below the Aerodrome elevation.
103
What are the segments of an Instrument Approach?
1. Arrival Route
2. Initial Approach
3. Intermediate Approach
4. Final Approach
5. Missed Approach
104
What are the fixes used on an Instrument Approach?
IAF - Initial App Fix
IF - Intermediate Fix
FAF - Final App Fix
MAPt - Missed App Point
105
At what parts of an IAP would the MOC be 300m?
Arrival Segment
Initial App Segment
Missed App Segment
106
What is the MOC at the Intermediate App Segment?
150m
107
At what part of the IAP would OCH be used?
Final App Segment
108
What Methods can be used to design the Initial App with only one Ground Station?
Reversal Procedures
| Racetrack Procedures.
109
What types of Turn Method can be used in a Reversal Procedure?
Procedure turns
| Base turns
110
List the Benefits of Area Navigation
```
Safety
Navigational flexibility
Shorter routes
Reduced time en route
Less fuel usage
Reduced workload for ATCOs and Aircrew
```
111
Name the types of Waypoints
Fly by
| Fly over
112
Name RNAV System Sensors
```
VOR/DME
DME/DME
GNSS
ILS
INS
LORAN
```
113
What Improvements can an Augmentation System offer to a GNSS?
Accuracy
Reliability
Availability.
114
What does EPU mean?
Estimation Position Uncertainty
115
What is the Maximum Course Deviation on a CDI?
10 degrees.
116
How many Satellites are required for a 3D Position?
4
117
How many Satellites are required to use GNSS as a 'Stand Alone' Navigation Source?
At least 6
118
What is the number of Satellites required for Fault Detection?
5
119
List Navigational Systems used in an FMS
```
INS/INS
DME/DME
VOR/DME
LOC
DME/DME-LOC
VOR/DME-LOC
```
120
What Items are contained in the Navigation Database in an FMS?
```
Radio Navigation stations
Waypoints
Airports and runways
En-route airways
SIDS
STARS
Holding patterns.
```
121
How often is the Navigation Database in an FMS updated?
Every AIRAC cycle - 28 days.
122
What type of Range information does a DME give?
Slant range
| 1NM = ~6000'
123
What radio navigation aids can the FMS use?
DME
VOR
LOC
124
What is RNAV and what is it used for?
Lateral navigation
Track keeping
Turn anticipation
Radius to fix turn
125
What is VNAV and what is it used for?
Vertical navigation
Climb and descent profiles
Approach operation
126
What is PBN?
Performance Based Navigation
Area navigation based on performance requirements for AC operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace.
127
What are the benefits of PBN?
Improves safety
Improves operating returns
Increases airspace capacity
Environmentally friendly
128
What are the benefits of PBN to ATC?
```
Safety culture
Fewer radio transmissions
Less chance of readback/hearback errors
Greater predictability
Airspace containment
Fewer go arounds
Less transit occupancy time in airspace
Changing roles and responsibilities
Best practice involving stakeholders in design
```
129
List the errors summarised to calculate the Total System Error (TSE)
Path Definition Error (PDE)
Navigation System Error (NSE)
Flight Technical Error (FTE)
130
What are the advantages of RNP over RNAV?
Operation up to TSE 0.1NM
No surveillance through ATCO required
No direct communications required
Enables a curved path - radius to fix and approach procedures
131
What is the main difference between RNP and RNAV and what does this enable?
RNP requires on-board performance monitoring and alerting which enables closer route spacing and better integrity
132
What are the navigation specifications of PBN?
Accuracy
Integrity
Continuity
Functionality
133
What equipment can be used to establish a Hold?
Ground station (VOR, NDB...)
Intersection
DME fix
RNAV Waypoint
134
What is turn criteria for a standard holding pattern?
ICAO std turn - 3°/sec, 25° bank
135
What are the timing criteria for a standard holding pattern?
```
1 min (outbound leg) FL140 and below
1.5 min (outbound leg) Above FL140
```
136
What holding pattern levels may be annotated on a chart?
Minimum holding level
| Minimum holding altitude
137
What is the speed limitation for flights at FL140 and below in a standard holding pattern?
230 kts (IAS)
138
What is the speed limitation for flights above FL140 to FL200 in a standard holding pattern?
240 kts (IAS)
139
What is the speed limitation for flights above FL200 in a standard holding pattern?
265 kts (IAS)
140
Describe the Sector 1 Entry
Parallel Entry Sector
Approach fix from NW
Size of sector = 110°
141
Describe the Sector 2 Enrty
Offset or Teardrop Entry Sector
Approach fix from SW
Size of sector = 70°
142
Describe the Sector 3 Entry
Direct Entry Sector
Approach fix from NE to SE
Size of sector = 180°
143
When may a higher hold speed above FL140 be allowed?
In case of SEV TURB but only permitted after prior consent by the relevant ATSU
144
What is navigation?
The process or method with which ans AC is guided safely from its starting point to a destination, determining the position of the AC, monitoring its flight path and making any necessary corrections.
