Mod 1 - MET Flashcards
Importance of Met in Aviation
Safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation.
What affects does Weather have on Aviation?
Safety
Economy
Comfort.
Decode WMO
World Meterological Office
Decode WAFS
World Area Forecast System
Decode WAFC
World Area Forecast Centre
Decode RSMC
Regional Specialist Met Centre.
Decode MWO
Meteorological Watch Office
Decode VAAC
Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
Decode TCAC
Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre.
Decode SADIS
Satellite Distribution System.
List sources used to gather Met Data
Wx station (with/without) shelter screen Registering balloon Wx observation on buoy or ship AMDAR - Aircraft Monitoring Data Relay Met satellite
List reasons for ISA
Establish stds for calibration of instruments
Vertical separation between AC
Comparing power parameters of AC and engines
What is the composition of ISA?
Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Argon - 0.9% CO2 - 0.03% Water - 0%
What is the structure of ISA?
Troposphere Tropopause Isotherm Lower Stratosphere Upper Stratosphere
What is the Barometric Lapse Rate in ISA?
30’ / 1hPa
What is the Air Density in ISA?
1.225kg/m3
What is the height and temperature of the Tropopause?
11km
-56.5°C
What is the temperature Gradient to the Tropopause?
-2K / 1000’
What is the temperature Gradient at Lower Stratosphere?
Isotherm
What is the temperature Gradient at Upper Stratosphere?
+0.3K / 1000’
What is the structure of the Atmosphere Beyond ISA?
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Ionosphere Exosphere
What may occur at the Ionosphere?
Radio blackouts and skip
What is the height of average Tropopause at the poles and equator?
Poles - 6-8km
Equator - 16-18km
Composition of ‘Real’ Atmosphere includes what?
Additional 4% water
List problems due to Fog in Aviation
Airport reduced capacity Airport closure Go around Diversions Delays due to holding Taxi orientation issues.
What equipment and methods are used to measure fog?
Transmissometer (RVR)
Human Observation
What requirements do AC and crew use to deal with fog?
AC equipment
AC technical status
Crew licence.
State the conditions required for Radiation Fog
Clear sky
Only over continent
Light wind <10kt
High humidity
What is the average thickness of Radiation Fog
<2m MIFG or BCFG
Max 100m - 200m
What time of day and season is Radiation Fog more prominent?
Build up after SS
Most dense after SR
Long lasting during winter months.
How is Radiation Fog dissipated?
Sun radiation
Following a wx change.
State the conditions required for Advection Fog
Moist and warm air
Cold surface
Wind / air stream.
What is the average thickness of Advection Fog?
500m - max 1000m
Widespread.
Describe Advection Fog and the seasons
Spring - Fog formed over sea due to warm continent and cold sea
Autumn - Fog formed over continent due to warm sea and cold continent.
How is Advection fog dissipated?
Change of wx situation
Change of wind direction.
List conditions for Mixing Fog
Moist and warm air mixing with moist and cold air.
What is the thickness of Mixing Fog?
100km + wide along wx fronts
Mixing Fog is more prominent during which season?
Winter
How is Mixing fog dissipated?
Change of wx situation.
What factors can influence Visibility?
Visual object
Observer
Time of day
Position of the sun
What is the importance of Visibility for VFR Pilots?
Flight planning and flight operation
Vis at departure and destination airport
Vis en-route.
What is the importance of Visibility for IFR pilots?
Fuel planning and flight operation
Departure and destination minimas
Alternate minima
What is the importance of Visibility for Controllers?
Operational category of the airport
Airport capacity.
Name the different Types of Visibility
Flight Ground in sight Slant RVR Vertical Ground.
Ground Visibility Decode
4000
9999
1300 0800SE
4000m
>= 10km
Prevailing vis 1300m, lowest vis 800m to the SE.
Vertical Visibility Decode
VV003
VV///
VV000
Sky obscured, Vert Vis 300’
Sky obscured, Vert Vis not available
Sky obscured, Vert Vis <100’.
RVR Decode R1000 RP2000 R26L/0900D R07R/0800V1400U
RVR 1000m
RVR >2000m
RVR Rwy 26L 900m decreasing
RVR Rwy 07R 800m variation 1400m upward tendency.
Decode FU
Smoke
Decode DU
Widespread dust
Decode SA
Sand
Decode VA
Volcanic ash
Decode HZ
Haze
Decode BR
Mist
Decode RA
Rain
Decode DZ
Drizzle
Decode SN
Snow
Decode FG
Fog
Decode MIFG
Shallow fog
Decode BLSN
Blowing snow
Decode DRSN
Drifting snow
How is wind measured?
Wind sock
Wind vane
Anemometer
Height - 10m above GRD.
What is Mesoscale Wind System Force?
Gradient force due to pressure difference.
Describe the Mesoscale Pressure Gradient Force
From H to L pressure
The closer the isobars, the greater the G
The stronger the wind
Wind equalises pressure very rapidly.
Describe Land / Sea Breeze
Sea breeze: Wind moving from cold water surface to warm continent. Present during day with calm fine wx.
Land breeze: wind moving from cold land to warmer sea. at night
List Land / Sea Breeze Hazards
Sea Breeze -
Wind shear, strong surface wind, possibly Advection Fog
Land Breeze -
Less intense than sea breeze.
Describe Mountain Down Slope / Valley Up Slope
Circulation of wind down up and through a valley.
Evident during sunny calm days.
List Mountain Down Slope / Valley Up Slope Flight Hazards
Mountain Down Slope - Fog or stratus
Valley Up Slope - Turbulence, wind shear, strong CWC.
List Foehn Wind Flight Hazards
Upwind Side - Low ceiling, poor vis, incessant rain, embd CB, ICE, TURB, GR
Downwind Side - 30 - 50kt winds, rotor clouds - heavy TURB, mountain waves - heavy TURB.
What are the Physical States of Water
Solid
Liquid
Gas / Vapour
Definition of Dewpoint
The temperature (to which air has to be cooled down) at which condensation occurs.
List the Changing States of Water
Liquid to Solid - Freeze Solid to Liquid - Melt Liquid to Gas - Evaporate Gas to Liquid - Condense Solid to Gas - Sublimate Gas to Solid - Resublimate.
What are the hazards from Water to Aviation?
Fog Cloud Hail Freezing rain Snow Aquaplaning.
How is Atmospheric Humidity measured?
Hair hygrometer
Psychrometer
Dew Point mirror.
Definition of Spread
The difference between temperature and dew point.
If moisture in the air and temperature is constant what happens to Dew Point Spread Relative Humidity Probability of Fog
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Increase.
How is Atmospheric Pressure measured?
Mercury Barometer
Aneroid Barometer.
What does Barometric Lapse Rate depend upon?
Altitude
Temperature
Humidity.
What are the Barometric Lapse Rates?
Up to 18,000’ - 30’ / 1hPa
18,000’ - 36,000’ - 60’ / 1hPa
36,000’ and above - 120’ / 1hPa.
How is Atmospheric Temperature measured?
Mercury Thermometer
Bimetallic Thermometer
Resistance Thermometer.
When is coldest time of day?
30 min after SR
When is the hottest time of day?
2 hrs after noon.
Coldest months of the Year
Northern Hemisphere
Dec - Jan
Warmest months of the Year
Northern Hemisphere
Jun - Aug.
What is Inversion?
Layer of atmosphere where temp increases with height.
List influences of Air Density on Aviation
Performance Thrust Lift Runway length required Climb rate Drag.
What is the relationship between Air Density, Pressure, Humidity and Temperature
Air Density rises with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature
Air Density decreases with decreasing pressure and increasing temperature
Air Density decreases with increasing humidity.
What is the Human Critical threshold?
20,000’ - 40,000’
List reasons for wrong Altimeter Indications
Mechanical - friction, calibration Dynamic - turbulent air, motion of AC Wrong subscale setting Air humidity Air temperature Air pressure.
Altitude Error due to Air Temperature
Hot to cold you’ll never get old!
Altitude Error due to Air Pressure
High to low look out below!
What is the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate?
Ascending; -3K/1000’
Descending; +3K/1000’
What sort or air would a Dry Adiabatic Process occur?
Unsaturated
What is the Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate?
Ascending; -2K/1000’
Descending; +2K/1000’
Within what sort of air would a Wet Adiabatic Process occur?
Saturated
When would a Dry Adiabatic Process turn into a Wet Adiabatic Process?
At the DP
What is a Stable Atmosphere?
An atmosphere where small incidental movements are suppressed and the vertical exchange in the atmosphere is low
Give examples of a Stable Atmosphere
Inversion
Isothermal Layer
What is an Unstable Atmosphere?
An atmosphere where small vertical disturbances result in vehement vertical motions. Strong irregular up and down drafts and turbulence.
Give examples of an Unstable Atmosphere
Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, CU Cloud
What type of cloud forms as a result of Thermal Convection?
Cumuliform
What type of cloud forms as a result of Forced Lifting?
Stratiform
What situations could cause Forced Lifting?
Mountain Ridge
Front - Line
Converging Surface Winds
Name the Characteristics of Cumuliform Clouds
Origin - Thermal Convection Stability - Unstable Vertical Speed - ~100-1000'/min and more Particle Size - Small Horizontal Extension - Small Precipitation - Shower Icing Type - Clear Turbulence - Moderate to Severe
What are the Characteristics of Stratiform Clouds?
Origin - Forced Lifting Stability - Stable Vertical Speed - ~1-10'/min Particle Size - Large Horizontal Extension - Widespread Precipitation - Continuous Icing Type - Rime Turbulence - None
Which Cloud Particles are most dangerous to Aviation?
Supercooled Droplets
State the Characteristics of NS
Nimbostratus Dark grey with precipitation Turb - Nil Icing - Rime Precipitation - Continuous DZ
State the Characteristics of CI
Cirrus Delicate - Hooks and feathers Turb - Nil Icing - Nil Precipitation - Nil
State the Characteristics of CS
Cirrostratus Thin white layers - Halo Turb - Nil Icing - Nil Precipitation - Nil
State the Characteristics of CC
Cirrocumulus Seperate flakes / balls Turb - Rapid Frequency Icing - Nil Precipitation - Nil
State the Characteristics of AS
Altostratus Layered uniform grey Turb - Nil Icing - Rime Precipitation - Nil
State the Characteristics of AC
Altocumulus Seperate white flakes, vertical extent Turb - Yes Icing - Clear Precipitation - Nil
State the Characteristics of ST
Stratus Uniform grey, low base Turb - Nil Icing - Rime Precipitation - DZ
State the Characteristics of SC
Stratocumulus Layered vertical structure, inversion above Turb - Yes Icing - Mixed Precipitation - Nil
State the Characteristics of CU
Cumulous Isolated vertical extension Turb - Yes Icing - Clear Precipitation - SH
State the Characteristics of CB
Cumulonimbus Great vertical development Turb - SEV Icing - Clear Precipitation - +SH
Up to what level do low clouds form?
~8000’
Up to what altitude do Alto Clouds form?
~20,000’
What are High level clouds called?
Cirro
Low clouds are made of what type of particle?
Water particles
What type of clouds are made up of water and ice particles?
Alto
Are Cirro clouds made of water or ice particles?
Ice
What equipment measures cloud amount and height?
Ceilometer
How can cloud amount be measured?
OKTAs
Describe the OKTA scale
1 - 2 FEW 3 - 4 SCT 5 - 7 BKN 8 OVC 9 SKYOBS (VV)
What does CAVOK mean?
Cloud and Visbility OK
Vis 10km or more (9999)
No cloud below 5000’ - No CB or TCU
No significant WX
What would NSC indicate?
Nil Significant Cloud
No cloud below 5000’ - No CB or TCU or…
Sky Clear
Define Ceiling
Height of the base of the lowest layer covering more than half the sky below 20,000’.
What do ISOL, LYR and EMBD mean?
Isolated
Layered
Embedded
What Categories of Precipitation are there?
Falling
Deposed
Stored
What is Falling Precipitation?
Precipitation resulting from clouds formed by the steam of the atmosphere
What is Deposed Precipitation?
Precipitation resulting from steam of the atmosphere which forms directly on the ground
What is Stored Precipitation?
Precipitation that remains on the ground
How is precipitation measured?
Rain gauge
1m AGL
What is the Significance of Precipitation on Aviation?
Reduced flight vis Engine performance Flight performance Impaired aerodynamics Increased braking distance Frozen windshield Structural damage
How is the Intensity of precipitation annotated?
+ Heavy
- Light
Moderate
Decode FZDZ
Freezing drizzle
Decode SG
Snow grains
Decode FZRA
Freezing rain
Decode GS
Small hail
Decode PL
Ice pellets
How can icing be prevented in aviation?
Circumnavigation
De-icing equipment
What types of de-icing equipment are available in aviation?
Electric
Thermal
Pneumatic
List effects of icing on flight controls?
More weight Less lift Less thrust More drag Higher stall speed Blocked controls Antenna damage Air frame damage Frozen windshield
How can the light icing impact navigation?
Remain on course and altitude
Anti ice measures used temporarily
How can moderate icing impact navigation?
Change in course/altitude may be required
Anti ice measures used all the time
How can severe icing impact navigation?
Immediate change of course/altitude required
Anti ice measures are insufficient
How is icing formed on AC?
Transportation of warm water droplets inot cold areas
At what temperature are AC most vulnerable to icing?
0 - -6°
What weather conditions could lead to icing?
FZRA
Cloud above freezing line or freezing line within cloud
Warm fronts - supercooled area
Cooling due to radiation
Describe the formation, appearance and characteristics of Rime Ice
Formation - Small supercooled droplets freezing instantly and maintaining shape
Appearance - Milky and rough
Characteristics - fragile and fairly easy to remove
What flight hazards are associated with Rime Ice?
More drag
Loss of lift
Describe the formation, appearance and characteristics of Clear Ice
Formation - Large supercooled droplets flowing back and freezing
Appearance -Adapt to profile, smooth and clear
Characteristics - Solid and hard to remove
What flight hazards are associated with Clear Ice?
Increase weight
Rudder/flaps/slats may block
More drag
Less lift
What flight hazards are associated with Mixed Ice?
Combination of clear and rime ice
Describe the formation, appearance and characteristics of Mixed Ice
Formation - Small and large supercooled droplets
Appearance - Mixture of clear and rime ice
Characteristics - Mixture of clear and rime ice
Within what type of cloud would rime ice form?
ST, NS, AS
Within what type of cloud would clear ice form?
CU, AC, CB
Within what type of cloud would mixed ice form?
SC NS windward side
What factors could determine the intensity of icing on an AC?
Liquid water content - cloud type and freezing level AC type - aerofoil shape TAS - slower AC more at risk Duration of passage through area FL - warmer air = more water content
What are the characteristics of an inversion?
Stable atmosphere - no vertical air movement, no thermal convection, no cumuliform cloud types
What time of year and in what conditions are inversions most common?
Autumn and winter
Smog conditions
How does a surface inversion develop and what hazards does it pose to AC in flight
Develops like radiation fog
Reduces slant vis below due to HZ, BR, FG, wind shear
How does the duration of a surface inversion differ with the time of year?
Autumn and winter - long duration
Summer - short duration
Name the 3 types of Inversion
Surface
Warm front
Subsidence
What is a Warm Front Inversion?
Inversion formed as a result of warm air ‘climbing ‘ up the back of cold air
State the properties of a Subsidence Inversion during summer months
Good vis above due to dry air
Cumuliform clouds form below
State the properties of a Subsidence Inversion during winter months
Good vis above due to dry air
ST with DZ, FG below
What are the flight hazards associated with Inversions?
Windshear
Icing
Wake Turbulence
Poor ROC - Air density drop
When is an Inversion most dangerous to AC?
When close to the surface
Strong inversions with temperature rise of more than or equal to 10K below 650’
What is the PFJ?
Polar Front Jetstream
Where is the PFJ?
60° latitude
Upper tropopause
State characteristics and features of the PFJ
Very fast moving band of airflow Flows west to east Boundary between warm and cold air CAT (strong wind shear at the edges of a Jetstream) Several 1000km long High up in the upper tropopause
What effect does the time of year have on the PFJ and how does it affect weather in the UK?
Winter - PFJ drops below the UK allowing cold air to move further south over the UK
Summer - PFL moves above the UK pushing cold air north and enabling warm air to cover UK
What affect does the Jetstream have on aviation?
Flight with PFJ - Reduction in flight time and more fuel efficiency
Flight against PFJ - Longer flight time, more fuel required
What are the 2 main types of airmass?
Maritime - warm air with high humidity
Continental - cold dry air
What is a Front?
Boundaries or transition zones between 2 different air masses.
What hazards could Fronts pose to aviation?
Rain Low cloud base TS Icing Turbulence Change is wind direction
What are the characteristics of a Warm Front?
Cloud - CI, CS, AS, NS Speed - 20kts WX - Continuous RA, SN, FZRA, PL Wind movement - S-W Pressure - Decreases Temp - Increases Cloud base/Ceiling - Decreases to GND Vis - Decreases, possible mixing FG
What flight hazards are there with a warm front?
Light to moderate icing
Decrease to no VMC
What type of cloud could be included in a warm front?
EMBD CB
Name the 3 types of Cold Front
Passive
Active
Squall
What are the characteristics of a Passive Cold Front?
Cloud - NS (EMBD CB), AS, CS, CI, CU Speed - 30kts WX - Continuous SHRA, SHSN, TS Wind movement - Gusty W-N Pressure - Increases Temp - Decreases Cloud base/Ceiling - Low, rapid decrease Vis - Poor during RA
What flight hazards are there with a Passive Cold Front?
Icing
Gusty winds
EMBD CB
TS
What flight hazards are there with an Active Cold Front?
Heavy Turbulence Gusts up to 50kts Severe Icing Windshear CB TS
What are the characteristics of an Active Cold Front?
Cloud - CU, CB, TCU Speed - Up to 50kts WX - +SHRA, +SHSN, +TS, GR, GS Wind movement - Strong gusty W-N Pressure - Rapid increase Temp - Notable decrease Cloud base/Ceiling - Rapid decrease Vis - Bad during RA
What does SQL mean?
Squall
When would you expect to see a Squall?
Moving ahead of an Active Cold Front.
What happens to the wind direction following a SQL?
During the the SQL, the wind moves 2x 180°, resulting in same wind direction as before the SQL
What happens to the temperature following a SQL?
During the SQL, temp will decrease due to showers and then become hot following the SQL.
What happens to the visibility during and after a SQL?
The vis will drop due to showers and continue to be bad following the SQL.
Name the most important type of a geostrophic wind
Jetstream
What is a CAT area?
Clear air turbulence
Name atmospheric situations where turbulence arises
- Turbulence in surface friction layer
- thermal convection
- orographically induced turbulence
- clear air turbulence
- wake turbulence
Why is turbulence hazardous ?
Can cause a sudden loss or gain in height/speed
Notable direction changes
Metal fatigue
Resonance vibrations
What are Dynamic Lows and what frontal systems do they contain?
CF and WF systems formed due to the PFJ along a break of the tropopause
List the characteristics of the Rear Side of a Dynamic Low
Temp - Decreases Pressure - Rapidly increases Wind - N, NW and very gusty Clouds - CU, TCU, CB Ceiling - None, expect in SH Visibility - Very good Precipitation - SH
List the characteristics of the Front Side of a Dynamic Low
Temp - Increases Pressure - Rapidly decreases Wind - S, SW Clouds - CI, CS, AS, NS Ceiling - Low Visibility - Poor Precipitation - Incessant RA, SN
List the characteristics of the Warm Sector of a Dynamic Low
Temp - Constant
Pressure - ~ constant, slow changes
Wind - W
Clouds - CI, AC, AS (Summer = CU, possible SQL, Winter = ST)
Ceiling - Summer = None, Winter = Low
Visibility - Summer = Moderate, Winter = Bad
Precipitation - Winter = DZ
What is a WF Occlusion and what are the characteristics?
Where area of less cold air on the rear side, catches up with polar cold air on the front side.
Season - Winter
WX - WF WX, incessant RA
What is a CF Occlusion and what are the characteristics?
Where area of polar cold air on the rear side, catches up with less cold air on the front side.
Season - Summer
WX - CF WX, dominate SH
How are Thermal Lows created and what WX would you expect?
Created through strong surface heating.
WX - RA, TS, +TS, +SHRA
Not frontal
For example, following a hurricane to the west, the air mass crosses the Atlantic.
What are the flight hazards of volcanic ash?
- possible false cargo-fire-warning
- effect of sandblasting the cockpit window and surface of AC
- VA damages the engines
- total loss of thrust and vibrations
- VA blocks the pitot tubes with result of false airspeed and altitude indication
- antennas and deicing devices may be destroyed
- VA pollutes the aircon system and the electrical-,fuel- and hydraulic systems
What are the flight hazards of thunderstorms?
- Turbulence
- Strong up/down winds
- windshear
- hail
- icing
- lightning
- gusts/squalls
AVOID AVOID AVOID
What does the pilot do if he cannot avoid a TS?
- min time possible through the TS
- be aware of heavy TURB and GR
- avoid LVL with most critical icing
- fly attitude, maintain trim
- cont relight on
- fasten seat belts/prepare cabin
- r/t may be disturbed
- check WX radar
- inform ATC
MI
shallow
BC
patches
PR
partial
DR
low drifting
BL
blowing
UP
unknown precipitation
GR
hail
PO
dust/sand swirls
SQ
squalls
FC
funnel clouds
SS
sand storm
DS
dust storm
NCD
no clouds detected
NSW
nil significant weather
FRQ
frequent
ABV
Above
BLW
below
BTW/BTN
between
CLD
clouds
INTSF
intensifying
IMPR
improving
NC
not changing
OCNL
occasional
STNR
stationary
SFC
surface
WKN
weakening