Mod 1 - ACFT Flashcards
Benefits of AC Knowledge and ATS Operations
Enables safe and efficient service
Quality of service
AC Design Categories
Heavier than Air - Fixed and Rotary wing
Lighter than Air
Principle of Propulsion Catergories
Power driven AC
Non power driven AC
Operation Catergories
Landplane
Seaplane
Amphibian
Type Descriptors
L - Landplane S - Seaplane A - Amphibian H - Helicopter G - Gyrocopter T - Tiltwing
Number of Engines or C - Coupled
P - Piston
T - Turboprop
J - Jet
ICAO Type Designators
Maximum 4 characters
Individual to each AC
Unique to type and series
Used on FPs and ATS messages etc.
Group Designators
BALL GLID SHIP GYRO ULAC UHEL ZZZZ
What are the WTC?
L - MTOM 7000kg or less
M - MTOM >7000kg < 136,000kg
H - MTOM > 136,000kg
J - A380 (“Super”).
What features can be used for AC Recognition?
Engines Wing Position Tail Section Size of AC Shape of Fuselage Shape of Nose and Tailfin.
ICAO Approach Catergories
A - Less than 91 kts B - 91 kts + but less than 121 kts C - 121 kts + but less than 141 kts D - 141 kts + but less than 166 kts E - 166 kts + but less than 211 kts.
1.3 x stall speed at threshold in landing configuration at maximum certified landing mass.
AC Components - FW
Fuselage Empennage Power plant Wings Landing Gear
AC Components - RW
Fuselage Tailsection Power plant Rotor Undercarriage
How is the Weight of AC determined?
Combined mass of AC
The greater the mass, the greater the weight force.
What is Thrust?
Generated by the forward movement of the AC through the air
Thrust force provided by the AC engines.
Methods of Thrust
Props - Piston or turbo prop Aerofoil shaped and rotated by engine Subjected to the relative air flow Creates lift and horizontal direction Large air mass pushed back low speed
Jet - Small air mass compressed and ignited
Hot exhaust thrust backwards high speed.
Balance of Forces in Straight and Level Flight
Greater weight = Greater lift required
Greater lift = Greater drag
Greater drag = Greater thrust required.
What is Lift?
The force necessary to overcome the weight of heavier than air AC.
Changing shape of wing changes the properties of air which generate the required lift force.
Explain Static Pressure
Motionless
Acts equally in all directions
Decreases with increasing altitude
Varies day to day.
Explain Dynamic Pressure
Moving in relation to an object
Acts in direction of movement
Proportional to density
The square of air speed.
What is the relationship between Air Density, temperature, humidity and altitude?
Inversely proportional to temperature
Density decreases, humidity increases
Density decrease, altitude increases.
Lift Formula
L = 1/2 p V2 S CL p = density V = speed of relative air flow S = surface area CL = Aerodynamic lift coefficient.
Bernoulli’s Theorem
Cross section area x Speed = Constant
Static pressure + Dynamic pressure = Constant.
“Energy and mass can neither be created or destroyed it can only be changed from one form to another”
Describe an Aerofoil
Leading edge Training edge Chord line Upper camber Lower camber
AOA and how it affects Speed
Angle between chord line and remote relative air flow
Low angle = Level flight - high speed
Average angle = Level flight - moderate speed
High angle = Level flight - Low speed.
What is Drag?
The air resistance experienced by an AC as it moves relative to the air.
Formation of Wake Turbulence
Wingtip vortices travel behind the AC
Move down and outwards relative to AC path
Displaced by wind and stabilise around 500’ - 900’ below AC FL.
Issues for Flights in Wake Turbulence
Loss of height/altitude
Loss of ROC
Uncontrolled roll
Overstress AC.
List devices that Modify Lift and Drag
Aerofoil selection - Depending on AC use
Wing shape - Trapezoidal, Double trapezoidal, Swept
Flaps/Slats - Increase lift and drag
Winglets - Reduce induced drag
Spoilers - Spoils air and destroys lift and increased drag
Definition of Flight Envelope
The limits of altitude, airspeed and load factor within which normal flight manoeuvres can be flown safely.
Influence of Weight on Flight Envelope
Minimum speed of AC at given altitude increase with weight
Maximum speed for lighter AC is greater or equal to maximum of heavier AC as less weight means less lift
Less lift means less induced drag with max thrust remaining the same, resulting in greater speed
Thinner air = Less drag and less thrust.
IAS
Speed read directly from airspeed indicator
Speed control.
TAS
Speed of AC relative to the air mass in which it’s flying.
ICAO Std Rate of Turn
3° per second
Max = 25° bank
Constant if speed and bank remain constant
Used for IF procedures.
Name the 3 AC axis
Vertical
Lateral
Longitudinal
What is the rotation around the vertical axis called?
Yaw
What is the rotation around the lateral axis called?
Pitch
What is the rotation around the longitudinal axis called?
Roll
What types of drag are there?
Induced drag Parasite drag (skin friction drag, form drag, interference drag)
What is the aspect ratio?
Wingspan/mean aerodynamic chord length
The mach number is..
The relation of the ACs TAS to the actual speed of sound
TAS/speed of sound
The IAS is..
Read directly from the airspeed indicator
What are the primary flight controls?
Aileron, rudder, elevator
The control column is used to control the AC in..
Pitch (and roll)
Back and forward movement of the control column moves the elevator ..
Up and downwards
What are ailerons?
Rectangular surface at the outer trailing edges of the wing
What are the different stabilities?
Stability in yaw (directional)
Stability in pitch (longitudinal)
Stability in roll (lateral)
What are the different versions of rotorcraft?
Conventiplane
Helicopter
Gyrodyne
Autogyro (gyrocopter)
What are the components of a rotorcraft?
Fuselage Tailsection Power plant Rotor Undercarriage
How do you control a rotorcraft?
Rudder pedal
Cyclic control stick
Collective pitch control
What are the 3 barometric instruments?
Gonna have pictures in exam
Airspeed indicator (green turning red, says airspeed) Altimeter(numbers 0-9, 2 needles, sub scale) Vertical speed indicator (left side 10 5 0 5 10 (up and down) right side 15 20 15, one needle)
Which instrument needs static AND pitot pressure?
Airspeed indicator
What is the CAS?
Calibrated Air speed
IAS corrected by AC installation error
Not visible for pilot
What is the EAS?
Equivalent air speed
CAS corrected by compressibility effect
Not visible for pilots
What is the TAS?
Visible for pilot and in flight plan
EAS corrected by density
What is GS?
TAS corrected by wind
Visible for pilot and atco
List anti torque devices
Tail rotor
Fenestron
NOTAR
2 Main Rotors
What is the TAS correction?
TAS=IAS+2%IAS/1000ft
What altimeter information do we get from the radar altimeter?
Height
What information does the artificial horizon provide the pilot with?
With information in terms of the ACs attitude both in pitch and roll
What errors could lead to abnormal indication? (Gyroscope)
Lower/higher speed of gyroscope Acceleration errors Turning errors Instrument errors Apparent error due to earths rotation/due to transport
What is a gyroscope?
A fairly massive rotor, usually a wheel, mounted in light supporting rings called gimbals which have nearly frictionless bearings
Name the three gyroscopic flight instruments
Turn and bank indicator (white AC, L and R)
Directional gyro (looks like compass)
Artificial horizon
What are the properties of a gyroscope?
Rigidity and precession
List the types of gyro drive
Electrically driven gyros (mostly used) and pneumatically driven gyros (works by suction or pressure)
What is a skid and what a slip?
Skid: unbalanced turn, AC skids out of the turn
Slip: unbalanced turn, AC slips into the turn
What does the directional gyro provide?
Provides more stable directional reference in azimuth for maintaining accurate headings and for executing precise turns
What does the magnetic compass provide?
Directional information of the AC in reference to the direction of the magnetic field of the Earth.
What factors could produce error or abnormal indications on a magnetic compass?
Variation
Deviation
Turbulence
Inclination
What does the gyrosyn compass provide?
Heading indicator, combining the advantages of the magnetic compass and directional gyro.
What indicators use gyrosyn compass information?
RMI - Radio Magnetic Indicator
HSI - Horizontal Situation Indicator
What are the components of a gyrosyn compass?
Remote magnetic field sensor
Amplifier
Control motor
What is an ADF and how does it work?
Automatic Direction Finder
On board the AC, used in conjunction with NDBs
Indicates RB of the relevant NDB and/or QDM/QDR