Mod 1 - ACFT Flashcards
1
Q
Benefits of AC Knowledge and ATS Operations
A
Enables safe and efficient service
Quality of service
2
Q
AC Design Categories
A
Heavier than Air - Fixed and Rotary wing
Lighter than Air
3
Q
Principle of Propulsion Catergories
A
Power driven AC
Non power driven AC
4
Q
Operation Catergories
A
Landplane
Seaplane
Amphibian
5
Q
Type Descriptors
A
L - Landplane S - Seaplane A - Amphibian H - Helicopter G - Gyrocopter T - Tiltwing
Number of Engines or C - Coupled
P - Piston
T - Turboprop
J - Jet
6
Q
ICAO Type Designators
A
Maximum 4 characters
Individual to each AC
Unique to type and series
Used on FPs and ATS messages etc.
7
Q
Group Designators
A
BALL GLID SHIP GYRO ULAC UHEL ZZZZ
8
Q
What are the WTC?
A
L - MTOM 7000kg or less
M - MTOM >7000kg < 136,000kg
H - MTOM > 136,000kg
J - A380 (“Super”).
9
Q
What features can be used for AC Recognition?
A
Engines Wing Position Tail Section Size of AC Shape of Fuselage Shape of Nose and Tailfin.
10
Q
ICAO Approach Catergories
A
A - Less than 91 kts B - 91 kts + but less than 121 kts C - 121 kts + but less than 141 kts D - 141 kts + but less than 166 kts E - 166 kts + but less than 211 kts.
1.3 x stall speed at threshold in landing configuration at maximum certified landing mass.
11
Q
AC Components - FW
A
Fuselage Empennage Power plant Wings Landing Gear
12
Q
AC Components - RW
A
Fuselage Tailsection Power plant Rotor Undercarriage
13
Q
How is the Weight of AC determined?
A
Combined mass of AC
The greater the mass, the greater the weight force.
14
Q
What is Thrust?
A
Generated by the forward movement of the AC through the air
Thrust force provided by the AC engines.
15
Q
Methods of Thrust
A
Props - Piston or turbo prop Aerofoil shaped and rotated by engine Subjected to the relative air flow Creates lift and horizontal direction Large air mass pushed back low speed
Jet - Small air mass compressed and ignited
Hot exhaust thrust backwards high speed.
16
Q
Balance of Forces in Straight and Level Flight
A
Greater weight = Greater lift required
Greater lift = Greater drag
Greater drag = Greater thrust required.
17
Q
What is Lift?
A
The force necessary to overcome the weight of heavier than air AC.
Changing shape of wing changes the properties of air which generate the required lift force.
18
Q
Explain Static Pressure
A
Motionless
Acts equally in all directions
Decreases with increasing altitude
Varies day to day.
19
Q
Explain Dynamic Pressure
A
Moving in relation to an object
Acts in direction of movement
Proportional to density
The square of air speed.
20
Q
What is the relationship between Air Density, temperature, humidity and altitude?
A
Inversely proportional to temperature
Density decreases, humidity increases
Density decrease, altitude increases.
21
Q
Lift Formula
A
L = 1/2 p V2 S CL p = density V = speed of relative air flow S = surface area CL = Aerodynamic lift coefficient.
22
Q
Bernoulli’s Theorem
A
Cross section area x Speed = Constant
Static pressure + Dynamic pressure = Constant.
“Energy and mass can neither be created or destroyed it can only be changed from one form to another”
23
Q
Describe an Aerofoil
A
Leading edge Training edge Chord line Upper camber Lower camber
24
Q
AOA and how it affects Speed
A
Angle between chord line and remote relative air flow
Low angle = Level flight - high speed
Average angle = Level flight - moderate speed
High angle = Level flight - Low speed.
25
What is Drag?
The air resistance experienced by an AC as it moves relative to the air.
26
Formation of Wake Turbulence
Wingtip vortices travel behind the AC
Move down and outwards relative to AC path
Displaced by wind and stabilise around 500' - 900' below AC FL.
27
Issues for Flights in Wake Turbulence
Loss of height/altitude
Loss of ROC
Uncontrolled roll
Overstress AC.
28
List devices that Modify Lift and Drag
Aerofoil selection - Depending on AC use
Wing shape - Trapezoidal, Double trapezoidal, Swept
Flaps/Slats - Increase lift and drag
Winglets - Reduce induced drag
Spoilers - Spoils air and destroys lift and increased drag
29
Definition of Flight Envelope
The limits of altitude, airspeed and load factor within which normal flight manoeuvres can be flown safely.
30
Influence of Weight on Flight Envelope
Minimum speed of AC at given altitude increase with weight
Maximum speed for lighter AC is greater or equal to maximum of heavier AC as less weight means less lift
Less lift means less induced drag with max thrust remaining the same, resulting in greater speed
Thinner air = Less drag and less thrust.
31
IAS
Speed read directly from airspeed indicator
| Speed control.
32
TAS
Speed of AC relative to the air mass in which it's flying.
33
ICAO Std Rate of Turn
3° per second
Max = 25° bank
Constant if speed and bank remain constant
Used for IF procedures.
34
Name the 3 AC axis
Vertical
Lateral
Longitudinal
35
What is the rotation around the vertical axis called?
Yaw
36
What is the rotation around the lateral axis called?
Pitch
37
What is the rotation around the longitudinal axis called?
Roll
38
What types of drag are there?
```
Induced drag
Parasite drag (skin friction drag, form drag, interference drag)
```
39
What is the aspect ratio?
Wingspan/mean aerodynamic chord length
40
The mach number is..
The relation of the ACs TAS to the actual speed of sound
| TAS/speed of sound
41
The IAS is..
Read directly from the airspeed indicator
42
What are the primary flight controls?
Aileron, rudder, elevator
43
The control column is used to control the AC in..
Pitch (and roll)
44
Back and forward movement of the control column moves the elevator ..
Up and downwards
45
What are ailerons?
Rectangular surface at the outer trailing edges of the wing
46
What are the different stabilities?
Stability in yaw (directional)
Stability in pitch (longitudinal)
Stability in roll (lateral)
47
What are the different versions of rotorcraft?
Conventiplane
Helicopter
Gyrodyne
Autogyro (gyrocopter)
48
What are the components of a rotorcraft?
```
Fuselage
Tailsection
Power plant
Rotor
Undercarriage
```
49
How do you control a rotorcraft?
Rudder pedal
Cyclic control stick
Collective pitch control
50
What are the 3 barometric instruments?
Gonna have pictures in exam
```
Airspeed indicator (green turning red, says airspeed)
Altimeter(numbers 0-9, 2 needles, sub scale)
Vertical speed indicator (left side 10 5 0 5 10 (up and down) right side 15 20 15, one needle)
```
51
Which instrument needs static AND pitot pressure?
Airspeed indicator
52
What is the CAS?
Calibrated Air speed
IAS corrected by AC installation error
Not visible for pilot
53
What is the EAS?
Equivalent air speed
CAS corrected by compressibility effect
Not visible for pilots
54
What is the TAS?
Visible for pilot and in flight plan
| EAS corrected by density
55
What is GS?
TAS corrected by wind
| Visible for pilot and atco
56
List anti torque devices
Tail rotor
Fenestron
NOTAR
2 Main Rotors
57
What is the TAS correction?
TAS=IAS+2%IAS/1000ft
58
What altimeter information do we get from the radar altimeter?
Height
59
What information does the artificial horizon provide the pilot with?
With information in terms of the ACs attitude both in pitch and roll
60
What errors could lead to abnormal indication? (Gyroscope)
```
Lower/higher speed of gyroscope
Acceleration errors
Turning errors
Instrument errors
Apparent error due to earths rotation/due to transport
```
61
What is a gyroscope?
A fairly massive rotor, usually a wheel, mounted in light supporting rings called gimbals which have nearly frictionless bearings
62
Name the three gyroscopic flight instruments
Turn and bank indicator (white AC, L and R)
Directional gyro (looks like compass)
Artificial horizon
63
What are the properties of a gyroscope?
Rigidity and precession
64
List the types of gyro drive
Electrically driven gyros (mostly used) and pneumatically driven gyros (works by suction or pressure)
65
What is a skid and what a slip?
Skid: unbalanced turn, AC skids out of the turn
Slip: unbalanced turn, AC slips into the turn
66
What does the directional gyro provide?
Provides more stable directional reference in azimuth for maintaining accurate headings and for executing precise turns
67
What does the magnetic compass provide?
Directional information of the AC in reference to the direction of the magnetic field of the Earth.
68
What factors could produce error or abnormal indications on a magnetic compass?
Variation
Deviation
Turbulence
Inclination
69
What does the gyrosyn compass provide?
Heading indicator, combining the advantages of the magnetic compass and directional gyro.
70
What indicators use gyrosyn compass information?
RMI - Radio Magnetic Indicator
| HSI - Horizontal Situation Indicator
71
What are the components of a gyrosyn compass?
Remote magnetic field sensor
Amplifier
Control motor
72
What is an ADF and how does it work?
Automatic Direction Finder
On board the AC, used in conjunction with NDBs
Indicates RB of the relevant NDB and/or QDM/QDR
73
Which instruments indicate ADF?
RBI - Relative Bearing Indicator
MDI - Moving Dial Indicator
RMI - Radio Magnetic Indicator
74
List the components of an ADF, VOR, DME and ILS
Antenna
Receiver
Indicator
75
What does a RBI show?
Location of a station relative to the AC
76
What does a MDI show?
Magnetic heading
| QDM and QDR
77
What does a RMI show?
Magnetic heading
| QDM and QDR (Radials) to up to 2 stations
78
What does a CDI show?
Deviation from a station
79
What is the maximum deviation when using a CDI and VOR?
+-10°
80
What is the maximum deviation when using a CDI and LOC?
+-~2°
81
What are the 3 Area Navigation modes of a CDI and what are their deviation values?
Enroute +-5NM
Terminal +-1NM
Approach +-0.3NM
82
What is TACAN used for?
Military equivalent of VOR/DME, giving direction and distance from a station.
83
What information does a HSI show?
MH
Selected course
Bearing (TO/FROM flags)
Deviation
84
What is an ILS?
Instrument Landing System
| Primary precision approach system, giving guidance to touchdown in horizontal and vertical planes.
85
What are the 3 ILS indicators?
LOC
GP
Markers
86
What does DME enable AC to establish?
Slant range from a ground station in NM
87
What is a MLS?
Microwave Landing System
88
List area navigation systems
INS/IRS
FMS
GPS
89
What is the advantage of using INS/IRS?
Completely self contained nav system that is capable of providing nav information to the pilot without the need to communicate to external agencies.
90
What is the FMS designed to do?
Improve navigation
Improve fuel efficiency
Reduce pilot workload
91
What does the FMS enable?
Flight along complex routes using lateral guidance (LNAV)
Calculates optimum cruising altitudes, flight profile and speeds
Calculates the best combination of auto throttle and speed during climb and descent, using vertical guidance (VNAV)
92
What inputs do the FMS use?
```
Nav
GPS
INS
Air data computer
Engine data
```
93
What outputs does the FMS provide?
Autopilot
| Autothrottle
94
List flight guidance and flight warning systems
EFIS, autopilot, flight director, head up display, weather radar, GPWS/EGPWS, wind shear alert, TCAS/ACAS
95
What does the EFIS consist of?
| Electronic flight information system
```
Primary flight display (PFD)
Navigational display (ND)
MultiFunction Display (MFD)
```
96
The ADC (air data computer) receives its information from..
Specific pitot, static and temperature probes
97
After processing the required data, the ADC distributes and indicates the following information on different screens
Mach Number, CAS, altitude, vertical speed, TAS
98
What information does the pilot find on the PFD?
```
Airspeed
Mach number
Altitude
Heading
Attitude
Vertical speed
Autopilot modi
```
99
What are the possible failures of flight/AC systems?
Display failure
| Input/computer failure
100
What is the autopilot?
A system used to guide an AC without assistance from a human being
101
What is the flight director?
A navigational aid that shows the pilot the attitude required to follow a certain trajectory
102
What is the head up display?
A simulated display which is projected onto a drop down glass panel called a combiner, placed directly in front of the pilots vision
103
What is the weather radar? (Cockpit)
Used to provide the pilot with information regarding weather ahead
104
What is the GPWS?
Ground proximity warning system
| A radio altimetry system that detects the height of an AC above ground and gives oral and graphical warning
105
What is TCAS/ACAS?
Traffic alert and collision avoidance system
| Airborne collision avoidance system
106
What are the TCAS alert messages
TA: traffic advisory (an AC is nearby)
RA: resolution advisory (possible conflict - instructions like descent climb etc)
107
What is a transponder?
An on board receiver/transmitter which provides ATC services information about the identity and altitude of an AC (mode A mode C)
108
What does ACARS stand for?
Aircraft communications addressing and reporting system
109
What is ACARS used for in relation to ATC?
- PDC (pre dep clearance)
- DCR (dep clearance request)
- CPDLC (controller to pilot data link communication)
- ADS (automatic dependent surveillance)
110
What is ACARS used for in relation to company related information?
- maintenance reports
- met reports and en route wind updates
- loadsheet
- NOTOC
- operational flight plan uplink
- TELEX
111
What are the two propeller types?
Fixed pitch propeller
| Variable pitch propeller
112
How is the descent on a modern jet plane done?
In idle thrust
113
AC is flying with 0.8 mach no. What does that mean?
Is flying at 80% local speed of sound
114
What is the primary communication on an AC?
VHF comm 1
115
Where is the weather radar located?
Nose
116
What are the 4 strokes of a piston engine?
Induction
Compression
Power
Exhaust
117
Where do we find alternate current (AC) and direct current (DC) in AC?
General most AC are equipped with an electrical system which provides a number of other systems in the AC with electrical power (both AC and DC)
118
What are the main components of an electrical system?
- Batteries
- Generators
- Inverter
- Buses (DC/AC)
119
What AC systems may be controlled by the hydraulic system?
- brakes
- nose wheel steering
- flaps/slats
- spoilers
- rudder
- ailerons
- gear
120
If an AC experiences hydraulic problems during the flight this may lead to complete or partial failure of flight controls which may result in..?
- fuel dumping
- gear problems
- brake problems
- relatively high speed
- increased landing distance
121
What are the main components of air conditioning/pressurisation?
- control panel
- inwards relief valve
- outflow valve
- safety valve
- dump valve
- ditching mode
- emergency pressurisation
122
What are possible problems with pressurisation systems?
- over pressurisation
| - loss of cabin pressure
123
In what conditions can you encounter carburettor icing?
Temperature below 20 degrees
| Relative humidity above 80%
124
What are the 4 strokes of a piston engine?
Induction
Compression
Power
Exhaust
125
What are the two different propeller types?
Fixed pitch propeller
| Variable pitch propeller(constant speed)
126
Where is the weather radar ?
Nose
127
What is the primary communication ?
VHF comm 1
128
An AC is flying with mach number 0.8 what does that mean?
80% of local speed of sound
129
How is the descend of a modern jet plane done?
In idle thrust
130
In order to overcome carburettor icing what are they equipped with?
Carburettor heat
131
Which surface describes the working principle of carburettor ?
As airflow increases, static pressure descreases creating a vacuum that draws fuel out of the carburettors fuel bowl through tiny orifices
132
When the spoilers are deployed ...
Drag is significantly increased
133
What could be a potentially dangerous side effect with carburettors ?
Carburettor icing
134
What of the following are NO hydraulic users?
Anti ice
135
As altitude increases...
| Fuel and thrust
AC needs less fuel and less thrust
136
When vertical speed control is exercised...
| Fuel
More fuel is burned > range and economy are inversely affected
137
The climb gradient is expressed in...?
%
138
The ROC gradient is expressed in...?
Ft/min
139
What is the effect of engine failure on a twin engine AC?
Yawing moment in direction to the dead engine
140
When an ACs Control column is pulled back ....
The elevator moves up
141
Select the term to describe what mixes air with fuel
Carburettor
142
When the pilot pushes back the control column what part of the AC moves?
Elevator
143
During a turn with 60 degrees banking the load factor will be...?
2Gs
144
Define Rotorcraft
A power driven heavier than air AC supported in flight by the reaction of air on one or more rotors
145
What are the 4 strokes of a jet engine?
Induction
Compression
Combustion
Exhaust/expansion
146
When must V2 be reached?
35ft
147
What are the factors affecting AC performance?
- temperature
- air density
- wind
- wind shear
- flaps setting and airframe contamination
- bleed air system (air con and anti icing )
148
T/O speeds are
V1
VR
V2
149
Factors affecting AC performance on T/O
- AC TO mass and balance
- temperature
- air density
- wind
- wind shear
- rwy conditions (rwy slope and surface)
- flaps setting and airframe contamination
150
When vertical speed control is exercised a higher rate of climb is assigned which leads to
More fuel is burned economy and range are inversely affected
151
The speed which is calculated at which you can safely abort TO
V1
152
What can we expect in warm weather conditions with jet engines?
In warm weather jet engine burns less fuel and produces less thrust
153
What will happen with AC increasing altitude ?
Less fuel less thrust
Thrust decreases with altitude jet engine burn less fuel is more economic thrust decreases more rapidly when altitude continuous to increase after reaching the tropopause
154
What are the types of jet engine?
Turbojet (basic jet) engine
- single spool jet engine
- twin spool jet engine
Turbofan (bypass) engine
- high bypass ratio turbo fan engine
- low bypass trio turbo fan engine
155
Mark the answer that is NOT correct (advantages jet engines)
Only rotating parts, almost free of vibration
156
Pilots of jet AC want to cruise as high as possible because?
- fuel consumption decreases with increasing altitude
| - reduced air density has a positive effect on fuel consumption
157
What is range?
The distance that can be travelled with the fuel available
158
What is endurance?
The time that the AC can remain airborne with the fuel available
159
List factors affecting AC performance during cruise
```
Altitude
Wind
Temperature
Turbulence
Ice
Mass
Speed
```
160
How does altitude affect AC range and endurance during cruise
Range - Increasing altitude (decreasing air density) increases the range up to optimum altitude and then decreases again
Endurance - Increasing altitude (decreasing air density) increases the endurance due to the increase in jet engine efficiency
161
How does wind affect AC range and endurance during cruise
Range - If the air mass is moving, the speed in reference to the ground is different. The best range will be reduced in a HW condition and the best range speed would be higher
Endurance - No effect
162
How does air temperature affect AC range and endurance during cruise
Range - Increased temp decreases the maximum thrust that a jet engine can produce
Endurance - The jet engine efficiency reduces with increase of temperature, giving increased fuel flow and reduced endurance.
163
How does turbulence affect AC range and endurance during cruise
Turbulence penetration speed = the speed limit for every AC when flying in turbulence.
The turbulence speed deviates from the max range and max endurance speed, therefore speed and endurance decrease.
164
How does ice affect AC range and endurance during cruise
When anti-ice systems are used, more fuel is burned. The result is a reduction in range in endurance
165
How does mass affect AC range and endurance during cruise
Increased mass increases the drag due to induced drag and increased drag profile drag.
This requires greater thrust which increase the fuel flow and reduces the range and endurance.
166
How does speed affect AC range during cruise
The speed which gives the maximum range for a given AC weight and altitude is called best range speed.
Flying at higher speeds that the best range speed increases drag and fuel flow and therefore reduces range. Lower speeds than best range speed reduce the drag and the fuel flow, but they also reduce the range.
167
List factors affecting AC performance during descent
Wind
Turbulence
Ice
168
How does wind affect AC range during descent
The rate of descent is dependent on the wind.
A HW gives increased descent gradient whilst a TW affects in the opposite direction and gives reduced descent gradient. CWC has no effect on the descent gradient.
169
How does turbulence affect AC range during descent
The turbulence penetration speed has an effect on the ROD and the descent gradient
170
How does ice affect AC range during descent
If air conditioning or anti icing is switched on, the descent gradient and ROD will decrease
171
The cabin pressurisation systems produce conditions equivalent to what altitude?
8000'
172
At what cabin vertical speed is best passenger comfort achieved?
300 - 500 ft/min
173
How does altitude affect AC whilst holding?
The optimum holding altitude increases as the AC mass decreases.
174
How does icing affect AC whilst holding?
Icing increases drag and decreases lift, significantly increasing the fuel flow.
175
How does mass affect AC during approach and landing?
Higher mass requires higher approach speed. Landing distance increases with increasing mass
176
What is the minimum approach speed referred to as?
VREF = 1.3 x stall speed
177
How does the AC configuration affect approach and landing?
Increased wing flap deflection results in decreased landing distance due to higher drag and lift.
178
How does air density affect AC on approach and landing?
The higher the AD elevation and temperature, the lower the air density , therefore the TAS is higher for a given landing speed (IAS).
Lower air density will result in an increase in landing distance required.
179
How does landing speed affect AC?
Increased landing speed will require a significantly increased landing distance.
180
How does wind affect AC on approach and landing?
HW conditions lead to a reduction to GS, resulting in a shorter landing distance and vice versa.
CWC has no affect on landing speed or distance.
181
How does the condition the RWY affect AC on landing?
The rwy slope either adds or subtracts from the deceleration force.
Brake drag depends upon the rwy friction coefficient. The lower the friction coefficient, the longer the landing distance required.
