Mod 1 - LAW Flashcards
What are the ICAO regulations commonly known as?
Standards and Recommended Procedures - SARPs
Decode EASA
European Aviation Safety Agency
Decode ECAC
European Civil Aviation Conference
Decode ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organisation
What is the main purpose of the Convention of International Civil Aviation?
To promote civil aviation safety and effectiveness
The ICAO Council ensures the SARPs are adopted and incorporated as what documents?
Annexes
How many ICAO Annexes are currently published?
19
In which Annex will you find Air Traffic Services?
Annex 11
In what languages where the ICAO Annexes written?
English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese
In which Annex will you find Rules of the Air?
Annex 2
In which Annex will you fine Personnel Licensing?
Annex 1
What is the ICAO Doc 4444 called?
Air Traffic Management, Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)
According to International Legislation, which words are used to denote a Standard?
Must
Shall
According to International Legislation, which words are used to denote a Recommendation?
Should
Recommend
Who shall States notify of any differences to International Standards?
ICAO
In what document are the State differences published?
Aeronautical Information Publication (ICAO)
Which Organisation implemented SERA?
Eurocontrol
What is SES?
Single European Sky
Who carries out the Air Traffic Flow Management Function?
Network Manager (NM)
Who approves the ATCO license?
EASA
Decode ANSP
Air Navigation Service Provider
What are the following abbreviations? ACC FIC APP TWR
Area Control Centre
Flight Information Centre
Approach Control Unit
Aerodrome Control Tower`
In what publication do States publish their national rules for pilots, operators and ATCOs?
AIP
Name the 3 parts of an AIP
General (GEN)
Enroute (ENR)
Aerodrome (AD)
How are the operationally significant changes to an AIP informed?
AIRAC cycle
In which of the 3 sections of an AIP would you find information on Navigation Warnings?
Enroute (ENR)
In which of the 3 sections of an AIP would you find information on National Regulations and Requirements?
General (GEN)
In which of the 3 sections of an AIP would you find the RWY direction of an Airport?
Aerodrome (AD)
List the 4 types of Air Traffic Services
Flight Information Service (FIS)
Alerting Service (ALRS)
Advisory Service (ADVS)
Air Traffic Control (ATC) Service
Name the 3 types of Air Traffic Control Service
Area Control Service (ACC)
Approach Control Service (APP)
Aerodrome Control Service (TWR)
What are the objectives of the Air Traffic Control Services?
Prevent collisions between AC
Prevent collisions between AC on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area
Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic
Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights
Notify appropriate organisations regarding AC in need of search and rescue aid and assist such organisations as required.
Define Level
A generic term relating to the vertical position of an AC in flight, meaning variously height, altitude or flight level.
Height is the vertical position of a level, a point or object considered as a point, measured from?
A specific datum
Altitude - fill in the blanks
Altitude is the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object, considered as a point measured from MSL.
Define Elevation
The vertical distance of a level, or point on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from MSL.
What pressure should a pilot set on the altimeter to indicate Height?
QFE
What pressure should a pilot set on the altimeter to indicate Altitude?
QNH
What pressure value in hPa is used by pilots flying on a FL?
1013.25hPa
VFR and SCCL - fill in blank
Above 3000’ from the ground or water or a higher datum specified by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR flights shall be conducted at a cruising level appropriate to the track as specified in the SCCL table.
Decode SCCL
Semi Circular Cruising Level
According to SERA, above what FL shall VFR flights not operate?
FL285
QFE 997hPa, elevation 420’. QNH?
1011hPa
QNH 1021 hPa, elevation 330’. QFE?
1010hPa
Define Transition Altitude
The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an AC is controlled by reference to altitudes.
Define Transition Level
The lowest FL available for use above the Transition Altitude
Define Transition Layer
The airspace between the Transition Altitude and Transition Level
Using 30’/hPa, QNH 993hPa, Transition Altitude 3000’. Transition Level?
FL50
How many hours before EOBT can a flight plan be submitted?
120hrs
How many minutes before departure of a flight crossing international borders can a flight plan be submitted?
60 mins
What abbreviation is used for a departure message?
DEP
Which of the following is a delay message?
DLA…
What are the wake turbulence categories?
L
M
H
J
In which item of a flight plan will you find the number of persons on a flight?
Item 19
Aerodrome - fill in the blanks
An aerodrome is a defined area (including any buildings, installations and equipment) on land or water or an affixed offshore or floating structure intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of AC.
Define Runway
A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take off of AC
What is the maximum tailwind component of a runway in use?
5kts
List considerations when selecting the runway in use
Wind Traffic pattern Length of runways Approach aids Met conditions Noise abatement Runway capacity Traffic conditions Traffic circuits Adjacent ADs
What are the positions of the AD traffic circuit? Graphic shown
Upwind Crosswind Downwind Late downwind Base (leg) Long final Final
In which direction are standard aerodrome circuits flown?
Left hand
Who is responsible for the operation of the AC in accordance with the rules of the air?
Pilot in command
List 3 items the Pilot in Command shall become familiar with pre-flight
Weather reports
Fuel requirements
Alternate course of action if flight cannot be completed as planned
Apart from in an emergency, under what circumstances may an AC fly in a prohibited or restricted area?
In accordance with the conditions of the restrictions or by permission of the State over whose territory the areas are established
When 2 AC are approaching each other head on or approximately so and there is a danger of collision, each shall alter its heading…
To the right
When 2 AC are converging at the same level, which AC has right of way?
The AC on the right
When 2 AC are converging at the same level which AC shall give way?
The AC that has the other on its right
When AC are converging, who gives way to whom?
Power driven - Airships - Sailplanes - Balloons
Power driven - Towing AC
When overtaking an AC, the overtaking AC shall alter its heading to?
The right
Who shall….area of…..
Assuming who has control over vehicles and people on the movement area
TWR
Name 3 Distress signals
SOS MAYDAY Red flares/rockets Red parachute flare SSR code - 7700
Name 3 Urgency codes
XXX
PAN PAN
Repeated switching on and off of nav/landing lights
Which lamp signal is used to clear an AC in flight to land?
Steady green
How does an AC in flight acknowledge a receipt of a signal?
Flashing landing lights twice
Rocking wings
Switching nav lights on and off
What does the ground signal pictured indicate?
Large Cross
Landings are prohibited probably for a long period
What does the ground signal pictured indicate?
2 joined ‘plus’ signs
AD is being used by sailplanes
What does the ground signal pictured indicate?
3 crosses
Areas on runways and taxiways are unfit for movement of AC
What does the ground signal pictured indicate?
Dumbells
Land take off and taxi on runways and taxiways only
Define ATC clearance
Authorisation for an AC to proceed under conditions specified by an ATC unit
Define controlled flight
Any flight subject to an ATC clearance
List the contents of an ATC clearance
AC ID Clearance limit Route of flight Level(s)/changes of level(s) Any other necessary information
ATC service shall be provided to which flights?
All IFR in A B C D E
All VFR in B C D
All SVFR
All AD traffic at controlled ADs
Under the operation of ATC service clearance issued shall provide separation between which flights?
All flights in A B IFR flights in C D E IFR and VFR in C IFR and SVFR flights SVFR flights (unless otherwise prescribed)
Define Flight Visibility
The visibility forward from the cockpit of an AC in flight
Define Ground Visibility
The visibility at an AD as reported by an accredited observer or automatic system
Define Ceiling
The height above ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000’, covering more than half the sky
In a CTR what is the minimum height of the ceiling for VFR flight?
1500’
In a CTR what is the minimum ground visibility for VFR flights?
5km
VFR obstacle clearance - fill in blanks
A VFR flight shall not be flown over the congested areas of cities, towns, settlements or open air assemblies of persons at a height less than 1000’ above the highest obstacle within the radius of 600m from the AC. Elsewhere, at a height less than 500’ above ground or water or the highest obstacle within a radius of 150m from the AC.
What is a Special VFR flight?
A VFR flight cleared by ATC to operate within a CTR in met conditions below VMC
What are the rules applicable to all IFR flights?
All AC shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown
Where no minimum flight altitude has been established…level an IFR flight can fly over high terrain at a level of?
2000’
What are the vertical limits of lower and upper airspace?
Lower - GND to FL245
Upper - FL245 to FL660/UNLTD
Define Controlled Airspace
An airspace of defined dimensions in which ATC service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification
List the ICAO classifications of controlled airspace
A B C D E
List the ICAO classifications of uncontrolled airspace
F G
According to SERA what airspace classification shall be above FL195
Class C
Define Flight Information Region
FIR means an airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided
What types of flight are permitted to fly in airspace Class A?
IFR only
Which flights are separated in Class B?
All flights
What are the VMC criteria in Class B?
Vis at/above FL100 = 8km
Vis below FL100 = 5km
Horizontal distance from clouds = 1500m
Vertical distance from clouds = 1000’
Which flights require a clearance in Class C?
All flights
What speed limitation exists and for which flights does it apply in class C?
250kts IAS for VFR flights below FL100
Which flights are separated in Class D?
IFR/IFR
IFR receive traffic info about VFR and avoidance on request
VFR given traffic info about all other flights and avoidance on request
What speed limitation exists and for which flights does it apply in class D?
250kts IAS for all flights below FL100
What are the additional VMC Criteria for the CTR?
No ceiling below 1500’ GND
Ground vis of 5km
Which flights require continuous 2 way radio communication in class E?
IFR flights
Which flights are separated in class E?
IFR/IFR
All flights require traffic info as far as practical
Which flights are separated in class F?
IFR/IFR as far as practical
Which flights are separated in class G?
None
When prescribed by the competent authority, at/below which levels can VMC criteria in class G be reduced?
3000’ AMSL or 1000’ GND, whichever is higher
When prescribed by the competent authority, in airspace class G, at/below 3000’ AMSL or 1000’ GND (whichever is higher) what can the visibility be reduced to for flights operating at 140kts IAS or less?
Not less than 1500m
When prescribed by the competent authority, in airspace class G at/below 3000’ AMSL or 1000’ GND (whichever is higher) what can the visibility be reduced to for helicopters operating at a speed that gives adequate opportunity to see other traffic or obstacles in time to avoid collision?
Not less than 800m
Decode RMZ
Radio Mandatory Zone
Define RMZ
An airspace of defined dimensions wherein the carriage and operation of radio equipment is mandatory
Which classifications of airspace may be designated as a RMZ?
E F G
Define TMZ
An airspace of defined dimensions wherein the carriage and operation of pressure - altitude reporting transponders is mandatory
Decode TMZ
Transponder Mandatory Zone
Decode GAT
General Air Traffic
Decode OAT
Operational Air Traffic
How are prohibited areas annotated on a chart?
P
Define Danger Area
An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to flight of AC may exist at specific times
Define Restricted Area
An airspace of defined dimensions above land areas or territorial water of a State, within which the flight of AC is restricted in accordance with the certain specified conditions
Decode TRA
Temporary Reserved Area
Decode TSA
Temporary Segregated Area
What is the difference between a TRA and TSA?
Traffic may be allowed to transit through a TRA but will not be allowed to transit through a TSA
What are ATS routes defined as and established for?
A specified route to channel the flow of traffic as necessary to provide air traffic services
Established for enroute navigation, departure and arrival route navigation
In ATS route designators, what does the letter U mean as an optional prefix?
Upper
In ATS route advisory designators, what does the letter F mean as an additional letter?
Advisory
What are the 3 categories of significant points?
Ground based navigation aids
Intersection
Waypoints
True or false; COWLY is a significant point marked by a radio navigation aid?
False
True or false; HON is a significant point marked by a radio navigation aid?
True
Which of the following symbols is a compulsory reporting point?
Image of solid black triangle and triangle outlined only
Solid black triangle
What is a conditional route?
An ATS route/point thereof which can only be planned/used under certain conditions
Which of the following CDRs are permanently available for planning?
CDR1
In which documents are the availability of conditional routes published?
AUP and EAUP
Decode TACAN
Tactical Air Navigation Aid
Decode SID
Standard Instrument Departure
Decode STAR
Standard Instrument Arrival
What are the 3 items that indicate the designators of SIDs and STARs?
Basic indicator
Validity indicator
Route indicator
In which direction is an ICAO standard holding pattern flown?
To the right
How long is the outbound leg of a standard holding pattern at FL140?
1 minute
Name 3 factors affecting a holding pattern
Heading
Speed
Wind
Which ICAO Annex number is entitled Safety Management?
19
According to ICAO, what are the 4 principles of a Safety Management System?
Monitoring safety levels
Safety reviews of ATS units
Safety assessments
Safety enhancing measures
What is the minimum age for a student ATCO?
18
For how long is a medical for an ATCO aged 30 valid?
24 months
What is the maximum validity for a unit endorsement?
3 years.
When referring to horizontal speed of an AC, what is GS
Ground Speed
In which units are distances on ADs measured?
Metres (m)
In which units are vertical distances measured?
Feet (ft)
When referring to horizontal speed of an AC what is IAS?
Indicated Air Speed
In which units is wind for take off and landing measured?
Degrees Magnetic
Visibility is measured in km and m. List when metres are used and when kilometres are used
Metres up to 5000m, km thereafter
10km for 10km or more
What 2 units of measurement can be used for altimeter settings?
hPa, inches of mercury
List the Air Navigation Services
Air Traffic Services Surveillance Services Meteorological Services Communications Services Aeronautical Information Services Navigation Services
Who of the following flights shall submit a flight plan?
A flight requiring ATC service
A VFR flight at night flying from X AD to Y
What would you fill in item 18?
Other information
Which part of an AD is shown highlighted?
Movement Area
Picture
Which part of an AD is shown highlighted?
Manoeuvring Area
Picture
Which part of an AD is shown highlighted?
Landing Area
Picture
Which part of an AD is shown highlighted?
Apron
Picture
