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MO BOOK 13 > MO BOOK 13- RC 121. Repairing broken hearts > Flashcards

MO BOOK 13- RC 121. Repairing broken hearts Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord

A

Heart disease may be treatable with stem cells. But a project to repair spinal cords is being shelved.

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2
Q

shelve /ʃelv/

A

Heart disease may be treatable with stem cells. But a project to repair spinal cords is being shelved.

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3
Q

mixed /mɪkst/

A

IT HAS been a mixed week for proponents of regenerative medicine.

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4
Q

proponent /prəˈpoʊnənt/

A

IT HAS been a mixed week for proponents of regenerative medicine.

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5
Q

regenerative medicine /rɪˈdʒenəˌreɪtɪv/

A

IT HAS been a mixed week for proponents of regenerative medicine.

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6
Q

spin off

A

A stem cell is one that, when it divides, spins off some offspring that remain as stem cells while others turn into functional tissue.

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7
Q

offspring /ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ/

A

A stem cell is one that, when it divides, spins off some offspring that remain as stem cells while others turn into functional tissue.

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8
Q

embryo /ˈembriˌoʊ/

A

Stem cells found in embryos can spin off a wide range of tissue types.

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9
Q

therapeutic /ˌθerəˈpjutɪk/

A

The bad news for those who have hopes of the field is that Geron, an American firm that was a pioneer of the therapeutic use of stem cells, is pulling out of the business.

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10
Q

pull out

A

The bad news for those who have hopes of the field is that Geron, an American firm that was a pioneer of the therapeutic use of stem cells, is pulling out of the business.

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11
Q

paralysed /ˈperəˌlaɪzd/

A

It is ending (or selling, if it can find a buyer) a project that was testing embryonic stem cells as a treatment for people paralysed by injuries to their spinal cords.

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12
Q

proposition /ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/

A

At a time when it is hard to raise new capital, the firm has decided to concentrate on anticancer therapies that, it hopes, are nearer to being commercial propositions than the stem-cell study is.

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13
Q

lancet /ˈlænsət/

A

The good news for the field of stem-cell therapy comes from a paper published in this week’s Lancet by Roberto Bolli of the University of Louisville and his colleagues

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14
Q

cardiac /ˈkɑrdiˌæk/

A

They have used more specialised stem cells—ones that spin off only cardiac cells—to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.

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15
Q

routine /ˌruˈtin/

A

If their method can be made routine, it will bring enormous benefits.

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16
Q

coronary /ˈkɔrəˌneri/

A

Coronary heart disease is the world’s biggest killer. It ended 7.3m lives in 2008 (the most recent year for which figures are available).

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17
Q

transplant /ˈtrænsˌplænt/

A

A patient with heart failure (caused, for example, by a muscle-damaging heart attack) may benefit from a transplant, but there are not enough spare thumpers around for all those who need them.

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18
Q

thumper /ˈθʌmpər/

A

A patient with heart failure (caused, for example, by a muscle-damaging heart attack) may benefit from a transplant, but there are not enough spare thumpers around for all those who need them.

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19
Q

hence /hens/

A

Hence the idea of doing running repairs on a patient’s existing organ.

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20
Q

running repair

A

Hence the idea of doing running repairs on a patient’s existing organ.

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21
Q

still /stɪl/

A

Be not still, my beating heart

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22
Q

unfortunate /ʌnˈfɔrtʃənət/

A

The participants in Dr Bolli’s study were 23 unfortunates who had each had at least one heart attack in the past, and were thus lined up for coronary-bypass surgery, in which the furred-up blood supply to the heart is replaced with an alternative artery crafted from a blood vessel taken from elsewhere—usually the leg.

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23
Q

bypass /ˈbaɪˌpæs/

A

The participants in Dr Bolli’s study were 23 unfortunates who had each had at least one heart attack in the past, and were thus lined up for coronary-bypass surgery, in which the furred-up blood supply to the heart is replaced with an alternative artery crafted from a blood vessel taken from elsewhere—usually the leg.

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24
Q

fur up /fɜr/

A

The participants in Dr Bolli’s study were 23 unfortunates who had each had at least one heart attack in the past, and were thus lined up for coronary-bypass surgery, in which the furred-up blood supply to the heart is replaced with an alternative artery crafted from a blood vessel taken from elsewhere—usually the leg.

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25
craft /kræft/
The participants in Dr Bolli's study were 23 unfortunates who had each had at least one heart attack in the past, and were thus lined up for coronary-bypass surgery, in which the furred-up blood supply to the heart is replaced with an alternative artery crafted from a blood vessel taken from elsewhere—usually the leg. 
26
on average /ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ/
On average, these patients had hearts pumping out 30% of the optimal volume of blood.
27
optimal /ˈɑptɪm(ə)l/
On average, these patients had hearts pumping out 30% of the optimal volume of blood.
28
control group
Seven of the 23 acted as a control group, and received no intervention from Dr Bolli after the surgery. 
29
breed /brid/
From the other 16, the researchers collected tissue samples during surgery. They broke these up, in order to extract cardiac stem cells from them (these cells can be identified by the presence on their surfaces of a particular protein), and then bred the stem cells in tissue cultures until they numbered millions.
30
culture /ˈkʌltʃər/
From the other 16, the researchers collected tissue samples during surgery. They broke these up, in order to extract cardiac stem cells from them (these cells can be identified by the presence on their surfaces of a particular protein), and then bred the stem cells in tissue cultures until they numbered millions.
31
number /ˈnʌmbər/
From the other 16, the researchers collected tissue samples during surgery. They broke these up, in order to extract cardiac stem cells from them (these cells can be identified by the presence on their surfaces of a particular protein), and then bred the stem cells in tissue cultures until they numbered millions.
32
stabilise /ˈsteɪb(ə)lˌaɪz/
About four months after each patient's original operation, when their hearts had stabilised, Dr Bolli used a catheter to deliver 1m of the newly bred stem cells to their damaged heart muscle. 
33
catheter /ˈkæθətər/
About four months after each patient's original operation, when their hearts had stabilised, Dr Bolli used a catheter to deliver 1m of the newly bred stem cells to their damaged heart muscle. 
34
infusion /ɪnˈfjuʒ(ə)n/
Four months after the infusion their hearts were pumping an average of 38.5% of the optimal volume, and this had risen to 42.5% a year after the transfusion. 
35
transfusion /trænsˈfjuʒ(ə)n/
Four months after the infusion their hearts were pumping an average of 38.5% of the optimal volume, and this had risen to 42.5% a year after the transfusion. 
36
feat /fit/
Just how the cardiac stem cells achieved this feat remains unclear. 
37
inject /ɪnˈdʒekt/
It could be that the injected cells form new muscle themselves. 
38
alternatively /ɔlˈtɜrnətɪvli/
Alternatively, chemicals they secrete may stimulate changes in cells already present in the heart—a suggestion encouraged by the work of Paul Riley at University College, London, who has (in mice) stimulated stem cells which were already present to turn into cardiac muscle by adding a protein called thymosin beta 4 that throws a crucial genetic switch in stem cells, and thus activates them.
39
secrete /sɪˈkrit/
Alternatively, chemicals they secrete may stimulate changes in cells already present in the heart—a suggestion encouraged by the work of Paul Riley at University College, London, who has (in mice) stimulated stem cells which were already present to turn into cardiac muscle by adding a protein called thymosin beta 4 that throws a crucial genetic switch in stem cells, and thus activates them.
40
thus /ðʌs/
Alternatively, chemicals they secrete may stimulate changes in cells already present in the heart—a suggestion encouraged by the work of Paul Riley at University College, London, who has (in mice) stimulated stem cells which were already present to turn into cardiac muscle by adding a protein called thymosin beta 4 that throws a crucial genetic switch in stem cells, and thus activates them.
41
inquiry /ˈɪŋkwəri/
Other lines of inquiry into heart repair are also being followed. 
42
do the trick
Eduardo Marbán, the director of the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute of Los Angeles, plans to test whether stem cells from a general cell bank, rather than specifically from the patient to be treated himself, might do the trick—or whether they would, instead, be rejected by the immune system. 
43
cardiovascular /ˌkɑrdioʊˈvæskjələr/
Deepak Srivastava of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, in San Francisco, meanwhile, thinks he can go one better, by not using stem cells at all. 
44
go one better (than)
Deepak Srivastava of the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, in San Francisco, meanwhile, thinks he can go one better, by not using stem cells at all. 
45
manage /ˈmænɪdʒ/
He has managed to reprogram mouse connective-tissue cells so that they develop into cardiac muscle cells, and has tested them in the hearts of mice that have had heart attacks. 
46
connective tissue
He has managed to reprogram mouse connective-tissue cells so that they develop into cardiac muscle cells, and has tested them in the hearts of mice that have had heart attacks. 
47
far off
The day may not be far off, then, when a dicky heart can be serviced in mid-life and made good for a few more years. 
48
dicky /ˈdɪki/
The day may not be far off, then, when a dicky heart can be serviced in mid-life and made good for a few more years. 
49
complacency /kəmˈpleɪs(ə)nsi/
That is no excuse for complacency: prevention will always remain a better course of action than cure. 
50
prospect /ˈprɑsˌpekt/
But for those for whom prevention has not succeeded, the work of Dr Bolli and his collaborators and rivals brings hope that a heart attack will, in the future, not be quite the fearful prospect it is today.
51
spinal cord
- the inner part of your spine that contains nerves going from your brain to the other parts of your body - the mass of nerves inside the spine that connects all parts of the body to the brain
52
shelve /ʃelv/
to decide not to use something such as a plan or suggestion now, although you may use it later
53
mixed /mɪkst/
def2. partly good and partly bad
54
proponent /prəˈpoʊnənt/
someone who publicly supports an idea, policy, plan, etc.
55
regenerative medicine /rɪˈdʒenəˌreɪtɪv/
treatment that involves repairing or replacing organs and other body parts by using advanced materials and methods such as cloning
56
spin off
def1. to create something new based on something else that already exists
57
offspring /ˈɔfˌsprɪŋ/
def2. something that has developed as a result of something else
58
embryo /ˈembriˌoʊ/
def1. Biology an animal or human before it is born, when it is beginning to develop and grow
59
therapeutic /ˌθerəˈpjutɪk/
def1. helping to treat or cure illness
60
pull out
def2. [intransitive] to stop being involved in an activity, event, or situation
61
paralysed /ˈperəˌlaɪzd/
def1. unable to move your body or part of it, usually because of an illness or injury
62
proposition /ˌprɑpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/
def2. an offer or suggestion, especially involving business or politics
63
lancet /ˈlænsət/
영국의 의학 잡지.
64
cardiac /ˈkɑrdiˌæk/
connected with your heart
65
routine /ˌruˈtin/
def2. not unusual or different in any way
66
coronary /ˈkɔrəˌneri/
relating to your heart
67
transplant /ˈtrænsˌplænt/
[countable/uncountable] a medical operation in which a new organ is put into someone's body. The organ is taken from the body of another person, especially someone who has just died, who is called a donor
68
thumper /ˈθʌmpər/
심장
69
hence /hens/
- def1. used for introducing something that is a result of the fact that has just been stated - for this reason
70
running repair
- a small temporary repair that allows you to continue using something - running repairs n. [plural] small things that you do to a piece of clothing, a vehicle, a machine, etc. to repair it or to keep it working
71
still /stɪl/
def1. not moving
72
unfortunate /ʌnˈfɔrtʃənət/
someone who has an unpleasant life or is in an unpleasant situation
73
bypass /ˈbaɪˌpæs/
def2. medical a medical operation to make someone's blood flow past a blocked or damaged part of their heart rather than through it
74
fur up /fɜr/
def1. if an artery furs up or is furred up, it becomes blocked
75
craft /kræft/
to make or produce something skillfully
76
on average /ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ/
used for talking about what is usually true, although it may not be true in every individual situation
77
optimal /ˈɑptɪm(ə)l/
optimum /ˈɑptɪməm/ adj. best or most suitable within a range of possibilities
78
control group
통제군
79
breed /brid/
def2. [transitive] to produce new plants or animals from existing ones, especially in order to produce plants or animals with particular characteristics
80
culture /ˈkʌltʃər/
def2. [countable] biology a group of bacteria or other cells that have been grown in a scientific experiment
81
number /ˈnʌmbər/
def2. Formal to consist of a particular quantity of people or things
82
stabilise /ˈsteɪb(ə)lˌaɪz/
def1. [intransitive/transitive] to reach a point where a medical condition is not likely to suddenly become worse, or to make someone reach this point
83
catheter /ˈkæθətər/
a thin tube put into your body to remove a liquid such as urine
84
infusion /ɪnˈfjuʒ(ə)n/
def3. [countable, uncountable] (medical) an act of slowly putting a drug or other substance into a person's vein; the drug that is used in this way
85
transfusion /trænsˈfjuʒ(ə)n/
a medical treatment in which blood from one person is put into another person's body
86
feat /fit/
(approving) an action or a piece of work that needs skill, strength, or courage
87
inject /ɪnˈdʒekt/
def1. to put a drug or another substance into your body through the skin, using a needle and a syringe
88
alternatively /ɔlˈtɜrnətɪvli/
used for making another suggestion
89
secrete /sɪˈkrit/
def1. Biology to produce a liquid such as saliva
90
thus /ðʌs/
def2. in the way that has been mentioned, or by the method that has been mentioned
91
inquiry /ˈɪŋkwəri/
def1-b. [uncountable] the process of asking about something or examining something in order to get more information a line of inquiry  (=a particular subject about which you ask questions)
92
do the trick
- to do what is needed in order to achieve something | - to succeed in solving a problem or achieving a particular result
93
cardiovascular /ˌkɑrdioʊˈvæskjələr/
connected with the heart and the blood vessels
94
go one better (than)
to do something better than someone else has done or better than you have done before
95
manage /ˈmænɪdʒ/
def1. [intransitive/transitive] to succeed in doing something, especially something that needs a lot of effort or skill
96
connective tissue
the parts of your body that connect or support organs and other parts of your body
97
far off
def1. happening a long time before or after the present time
98
dicky /ˈdɪki/
not healthy; not working correctly
99
complacency /kəmˈpleɪs(ə)nsi/
a complacent attitude or way of behaving
100
prospect /ˈprɑsˌpekt/
def2. [singular] something that you expect or know is going to happen in the future, or the thought of this

MO BOOK 13 (13 decks)

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