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A&P 1 > Mitosis and Ch.5 > Flashcards

Mitosis and Ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

What phase is the cell in most of the time?

A

Interphase

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2
Q

What cells do not replicate?

A

Neurons and muscle cells

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3
Q

What happens at the end of interphase?

A

DNA replication

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4
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

-Centrioles duplicate
-DNA polymerase copies DNA
-Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus
-Nucleus and Nucleolus are clearly visible
-Individual chromosomes not distinguishable

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5
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

-Nuclear envelope disappears
-Centrioles migrate
-DNA supercoils
-Mitotic Spindle forms

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6
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

-Chromosomes attach to spindles and line up midline

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7
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

-Sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of cell
-Sister chromatids separate

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8
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

-Nuclear envelope reappears
-Mitotic spindle disappears
-DNA uncoils
-Cytokinesis (end of mitosis); cell divided in two

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9
Q

Which cells do not have the same DNA?

A

Sperm and egg cells

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10
Q

How do cells differentiate?

A

-Some genes are turned on and some are turned off

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11
Q

What do stem cells do?

A

-Stem cell is still dividing and changes what genes it is expressing
-Cells differentiate and become specialized cell

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12
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

-Protection
-Sensation (touch, temp, pain)
-Thermoregulation (sweating)
-Excretion (getting rid of waste products)
-Synthesis of Vitamin D

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13
Q

What is another name for the skin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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14
Q

What is the outer epidermis’s name and what tissue is it made up of?

A

Superficial epithelium (made up of epithelial tissues)

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15
Q

What is in the inner dermis and what tissue is the inner dermis made up of?

A

-made up of connective tissues
-contains lots of fibers
-blood vessels and cutaneous receptors

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16
Q

Where is the hypodermis?

A

Underlies the skin and is not considered part of the skin

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17
Q

What do epithelial tissues do?

A

Border cells

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18
Q

What do connective tissues do?

A

Fill spaces- fibers

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19
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin and where do they originate?

A

-Hair, nails, multicellular exocrine glands
-originate in dermis and extend through epidermis to skin surface

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20
Q

What is the full name for the epidermis?

A

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

How do nutrients and oxygen get to the epidermis?

A

They diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

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22
Q

What are characteristics of the epidermis?

A

-avascular (will not bleed)
-Multiple layers of cells (stratified)
-squamous (thin and flat)
-always sloughing (shedding)

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of thin skin?

A

-grows hair
-covers most of the body
-has 4 layers of keratinocytes

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of thick skin and where do you find it?

A

-covers palms of hands and soles of feet
-has 5 layers of keratinocytes

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of keratinocytes?

A

-change from bottom to top of epidermis
-most abundant cells in epidermis

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26
Q

What is the order of thin skin of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum

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27
Q

What is the order of thick skin from deep to superficial?

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum corneum?

A

-15 to 30 layers of cells
-water resistant
-Cells are anucleate (without a nucleus)
-Takes 40 to 50 days for cells to go from stratum basale to stratum corneum

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum lucidum?

A

-clear layer
-found only in thick skin
-covers stratum granulosum
-not visible on our histology slides

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum?

A

-grainy layer
-vesicles contain precursors to keratin; in 2 different vesicles; mixed together to make keratin
-produce keratin
-dehydrate and die, become water resistant

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

A

-spiny layer
-produced by division of stratum germinativum (basale layer)
-several cells thick
-cells shrinks until cytoskeleton sticks out
-further from blood supply and closer to surface air; dehydration from evaporation
-Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum basale?

A

-germinative layer
-one cell thick
-only cells undergoing mitosis that are stem (basale) cells and give rise to other cells in other layers
-contains Merkel cells and melanocytes
-forms strong bond between dermis and epidermis

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33
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

-found in hairless skin
-respond to touch (trigger nervous system)

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34
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

-contain melanin
-scattered throughout stratum germinativum

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35
Q

What tints can melanin have?

A

orangish-brown
blackish-blue
Most people will have both

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36
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

-Produces melanin in transport vesicles (melanosomes) in stratum germinativum

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37
Q

What happens when there is more melanin?

A

more protection
transferred to keratinocytes

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38
Q

What is carotene?

A

pigment contributing to skin coloration (dietary)

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39
Q

How does hemoglobin relate to the skin and where is it?

A

-in dermis and shines through epidermis
-oxygenated red blood contributes to skin color
-blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens
-blood flow decreases, skin pales

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40
Q

What is cyanosis and what causes it?

A

-bluish skin tint
-Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

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41
Q

What produced Vitamin D3 and what is it in the presence of in order to be produced?

A

-Epidermal cells
-UV radiation
-Liver and kidneys convert Vitamin D3 into calcitriol

42
Q

Where does calcitriol travel to and what is its function?

A

Travels to small intestine as a hormone and encourages absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut

43
Q

What happens when there is insufficient Vitamin D3?

A

Rickets (bones get bendy)

44
Q

What are the cells in the dermis called?

A

Fibroblasts

45
Q

What is the dermis between?

A

-epidermis and subcutaneous (hypodermic) layer

46
Q

Where are the accessory structures of the skin anchored?

A

The dermis

47
Q

What are the 2 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

A

-reticular
-papillary

48
Q

What is the structure of the papillary layer and what is its function?

A

-Has papilla (like little fingers)
-Made up of loose connective tissue (areolar)
-few cells; lots of fiber
-delicate layer; smaller capillaries, small sensory neurons, lymphatics
-anchors dermis to epidermis
-has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

49
Q

What is the structure of the reticular layer and what is its function?

A

-Dense irregular connective tissue (unorganized dense fiber)
-contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers
-contains collagen and elastin fibers

50
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibers?

A

-very strong, resist stretching but bend easily
-provide flexibility and tensile strength

51
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?

A

-Permit stretching and then recoil to original length
-limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue
-fibers break down with age and UV radiation

52
Q

What are other names for the hypodermis?

A

-subcutaneous layer
-tela subcutanea
-superficial fascia

53
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A

-stabilizes skin
-allows separate movement
-site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles

54
Q

What is the hypodermic layer made up of?

A

adipose and areolar tissues

55
Q

What happens during repair of the integument?

A

-Fibroblasts produce dermal (collagen and elastic) fibers
-overproduction can produce scar tissue
-often avascular

56
Q

What can happen if there is too much collagen in scar tissue?

A

It can change the texture and make it less flexible

57
Q

Where do accessory structures come from?

A

embryonic epidermis

58
Q

What are the functions of the hair?

A

-protect and insulate
-guards openings against particles and insects
-sensitive to very light touch

59
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

-involuntary smooth muscle
-produces goose bumps

60
Q

What is the hair root composed of?

A

-follicle
-sheath
-bulb
-papilla

61
Q

What part of the hair can you pull out?

A

sheath

62
Q

What is special about the papilla?

A

It is the only portion of the hair with nuclei, because it is the only portion dividing

63
Q

What is the function of the nail?

A

protects fingers and toes

64
Q

What is the nail made up of?

A

-dead cells packed with keratin

65
Q

What is the scientific name for the cuticle?

A

-Eponychium

66
Q

What can change the nail structure?

A

Metabolic disorders

67
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

armpits, groin, and around nipples

68
Q

What do apocrine glands secrete?

A

-Water-based sweat
-secretes products into hair follicles
-Produces sticky, cloudy secretions
-break down and cause odors
-secretes more organic compounds than merocrine glands

69
Q

What are apocrine glands surrounded by?

A

myoepithelial cells that contract like a little muscle and squeeze apocrine gland secretions onto skin surface

70
Q

When are apocrine sweat glands activated?

A

In response to hormonal or nervous signal

71
Q

What do eccrine (merocrine) glands secrete?

A

-secretes water, electrolytes, and some organic compounds directly onto skin

72
Q

What are the functions of the merocrine glands?

A

-cools skin
-excretes water and electrolytes
-flushes surface of skin

73
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete and where?

A

-oil (sebum)
-Secretes primarily into hair follicle
-has antiseptic qualities on surface of skin
-sebum can destroy bacteria when it is secreted onto skin before bacteria invades

74
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine

75
Q

What is the most numerous cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte

76
Q

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

77
Q

Which of the following cells are associated with the dermis?
-fibroblasts
-keratinocytes
-dendritic cells
-melanocytes

A

fibroblasts

78
Q

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

79
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale of the epidermis

80
Q

Extreme stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis results in _____

A

permanent stretch marks

81
Q

Which of the following sensations is not detected by the skin?
-pain
-equilibrium
-temperature
-light touch

A

equilibrium

82
Q

Which of the following structures is not found in thick skin?
-stratum granulosum
-hair follicles
-sweat glands
-stratum lucidum

A

hair follicles

83
Q

Skin without keratin is more likely to…

A

tear upon being mechanically stressed

84
Q

What is the main tissue of the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

What are the main components of the cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis and dermis

86
Q

Where are blood vessels housed that nourish the epidermis?

A

Dermal papillae

87
Q

What cells of the epidermis function as phagocytes of the immune system?

A

Dendritic cells

88
Q

What is the primary function of melanin?

A

To protect the DNA of keratinocytes from mutations induced by UV radiation

89
Q

The cuticle around a nail is

A

Eponychium

90
Q

Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretion from the

A

apocrine glands

91
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use?

A

Holocrine secretion

92
Q

Mammary glands are specialized

A

sweat glands

93
Q

What stimulates the secretion of sebum?

A

sex hormones

94
Q

Melanin is produced upon exposure to

A

UV radiation

95
Q

Eccrine glands produce

A

sweat containing mostly water

96
Q

The nail body covers the

A

nail bed

97
Q

The _____ is the opaque crescent-shaped area near the proximal nail fold

A

Lunula

98
Q

Merocrine glands that secrete products into hair follicles are

A

apocrine glands

99
Q

In which of the following locations are dead keratinized cells found?
-hair follicle
-hair root
-hair bulb
-hair shaft

A

hair shaft

100
Q

Which of the following molecules is responsible for yellow-orange skin pigment?

A

carotene

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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