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A&P 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What organs are part of the lymphatic system?

A

Spleen and tonsils

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2
Q

What does the muscular system do?

A

Produces movement

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3
Q

What organs are included in the digestive system?

A

Liver and intestines

(not a comprehensive list)

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4
Q

What does the male reproductive system do?

A

Produces and transports sperm

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5
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Regulates the function of other structures through the secretion of hormones

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6
Q

What is a solute?

A

What is being dissolved (glucose for example)

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7
Q

What is a solvent?

A

the base of the solution (often water)

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8
Q

What is sodium best known as?

A

An ion

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9
Q

What is the term when a cation and an anion come together?

A

Ionic bond

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10
Q

What does it mean if a solution is hydrophilic?

A

Water can dissolve the solute easily

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11
Q

What are the organic compounds in the body?

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbs

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12
Q

What are the inorganic compounds in the body?

A

NACL (salts)
Water
CO2

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a plasma membrane protein?

Integral
Channel
Peripheral
Actin

A

Actin

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14
Q

How does CO2 move through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

When does cellular swelling most often occur?

A

In hypotonic solutions

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16
Q

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Which structures have ribosome studded surface

A

Rough ER

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18
Q

Which organelle is primarily composed of rRNA?

A

Ribosome

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19
Q

What organelle degrades old, worn-out organelles and cell components

A

Lysosome

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20
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area for absorption

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21
Q

What is the DNA nucleotide called?

A

Triplet

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22
Q

What is the mRNA nucleotide called?

A

Codon

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23
Q

What is the tRNA nucleotide called?

A

Anticodon

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24
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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25
Q

What are the steps of protein synthesis?

A

DNA uncoils for transcription
mRNA is produced in nucleus
MRNA moves to ribosome
Ribosome moves along mRNA
tRNA brings amino acid to the ribosome
Polypeptide is produced

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26
Q

What are the long strands of DNA uncoiled called?

A

Chromatin

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27
Q

What injections inject into the hypodermis?

A

Sub-cutaneous

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28
Q

What is the primary function of vitamin D?

A

required for calcium absorption from the small intestine

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29
Q

What are the skin layers superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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30
Q

What cells are layered in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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31
Q

What causes goosebumps?

A

Arrector pilli

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32
Q

What do eccrine glands secrete?

A

Produce sweat containing mostly water
Aka merocrine gland

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33
Q

What cells are associated with the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts

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34
Q

Which fiber in the dermis provides tone and resistance to stretch?

A

Collagen

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35
Q

Skin without keratin would be more likely to?

A

Lose too much water to the environment

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36
Q

What is the cuticle around the nail called?

A

Eponychium

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37
Q

What is the widened end of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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38
Q

What does the medullary cavity contain?

A

Bone marrow

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39
Q

How would removing the calcium phosphate component from bone matrix affect the physical properties of bone?

A

the bone would be less compressible

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40
Q

What type of ossification do the skull, mandible and clavicle form through?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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41
Q

Where does secondary ossification occur during fetal bone development?

A

In the epiphysis

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42
Q

What type of cartilage is articulate cartilage of bone?

A

Hyaline

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43
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

It’s converted into calcitriol

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44
Q

What is the function of Vitamin C?

A

Necessary for synthesis of collagen

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45
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Stimulates bone growth

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46
Q

What is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the GI tract?

A

Calcitriol

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47
Q

What is the main mineral in the bone matrix?

A

Calcium phosphate

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48
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Increases bone deposition

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49
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases excretion of calcium at the kidneys

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50
Q

What surrounds an entire skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

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51
Q

Skeletal muscles form by the fusing of cells called

A

Myoblasts

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52
Q

What is the functional contractile unit of myofibril called?

A

Sarcomere

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53
Q

What is in thick filaments?

A

Myosin

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54
Q

What is in thin filaments?

A

Actin- anchored at the Z-disc

55
Q

What happens during a muscle contraction?

A

H zone gets smaller
I bands get smaller
Z discs get closer together

56
Q

What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

A

Fascicle

57
Q

Where are the receptors for acetylcholine located?

A

At the motor end plate

58
Q

What does the t tubules action potential promote?

A

Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

59
Q

What is the max amount of tension in a muscle fiber called?

A

Tetanus

60
Q

How are long lasting contractions sustained?

A

Oxidative catabolism

61
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

Stores oxygen in muscle cells

62
Q

How does lactic acid form?

A

Glycolytic catabolism

63
Q

What is the immediate source of ATP when a muscle contraction begins?

A

Creatine phosphate

64
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

Increases muscle contraction and duration

65
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulates the synthesis of contractile proteins in muscles

66
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

Elevates the rate of contractile proteins in muscles

67
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle contraction where muscle lengthens

68
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

Muscle contraction where muscle shortens

69
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Contraction where the muscle length stays the same

70
Q

Both cardiac and smooth muscle rely on?

A

Extracellular calcium

71
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

Controls visceral functions

72
Q

What is found in the CNS?

A

Dorsal horns of the spinal cord

73
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls skeletal muscle contractions

74
Q

What does the PNS include?

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS

75
Q

What type of neuron carries info toward the CNS?

A

Afferent

76
Q

Which of the following is a type of glia found in the PNS?

Schwann cell
Ependymal cell
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte

A

Schwann cell

77
Q

What neuroglial cells form the blood brain barrier and help buffer interstitial fluid in the CNS?

A

Astrocyte

78
Q

What is the myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons?

A

Oligodendrocyte

79
Q

The processes on a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are called

A

Dendrites

80
Q

What ion enters the cell and causes depolarization?

A

Sodium

81
Q

What is the resting membrane potential maintained by?

A

The potassium and ATPase pump

82
Q

What ion enters a cell and causes it to hyperpolarize?

A

Chloride

83
Q

What ion is necessary for a synaptic vesicle to fuse with the axon membrane?

A

Calcium

84
Q

What molecule binds to a post synaptic receptor to open ligand gated channels?

A

Neurotransmitter

85
Q

What shape are the sensory neurons in the PNS that are associated with touch and pain?

A

Multipolar shaped

86
Q

What type of channel opens in response to a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on the channel?

A

Ligand (chemically) gated channel

87
Q

Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?

During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive

At the beginning of the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open

In the hyperpolarizing phase, membrane potential becomes more negative than resting membrane potential

The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions into the neuron

A

The 4th is false

88
Q

Where would you expect to find voltage gated sodium channels in a neuron?

A

Axon and axon hillock

89
Q

During saltatory conduction, action potential are generated at?

A

The nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons

90
Q

Which of the following events is most likely to trigger an action potential?

Hyperpolarization
IPSP
EPSP
opening of K+ channels

A

EPSP

91
Q

Where do voltage gated channels first open?

A

At 3 at the top of the hill

92
Q

Short term memory problems and expressing emotions inappropriately is likely damage to what part of the brain

A

Limbic system

93
Q

What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

94
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Plans and coordinates movement

95
Q

Where must almost all sensory stimuli pass through?

A

The thalamus

96
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates ANS, endocrine system, homeostasis, biological drives and sleep wake cycle

97
Q

Ability to produce speech is a function of

A

Broca’s area

98
Q

What is the elevated ridge on the surface of the brain called?

A

Gyrus

99
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex affect?

A

Personality and behavior

100
Q

What is not part of the diencephalon?

Thalamus
Hyperthalamus
Epithalumus
Hypothalamus

A

Hyperthalamus

101
Q

Lobe found immediately posterior to the central sulcus is

A

Parietal lobe

102
Q

Dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

A

Falx cerebri

103
Q

Limbic structure most directly responsible for memory storage and retrieval is the

A

Hippocampus

104
Q

Fiber pathway that connects right and left hemispheres is

A

Corpus callosum

105
Q

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur

A

in those spinal segments that control the limbs

106
Q

End of the spinal cord is the

A

Conus medullaris

107
Q

Tough, fibrous outermost covering (meninge) of the spinal cord is

A

Dura mater

108
Q

CSF is produced by

A

The choroid plexus

109
Q

The thalamus acts as a sensory filter. If sensory info ascends to cortex we say that it is

A

Perceived

110
Q

When touch info ascends in the spinal cord, is it on the ipsalateral side (same) or contra lateral (opposite) side to the actual stimulus? What about pain and temp?

A

Touch ipsalateral, pain and temp contralateral

111
Q

Which of the following tracts are descending?

Spinocerebellar
Spinothalamic
Posterior columns
Corticospinal

A

Corticospinal

112
Q

What is true about dopamine in motor control?

A

dopamine is produced in the substantia nigra and targets the basal nuclei

113
Q

Where is the cell body of the first order neuron found in somatic sensory pathways?

A

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

114
Q

the space found between the bony vertebrae and dura mater is

A

The epidural space

115
Q

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior (ventral) gray horn would

A

Lead to paralysis

116
Q

CSF flows within the

A

Subarachnoid space

117
Q

Where are samples of CSF fluid taken?

A

Between L4 and L5

118
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision

119
Q

What is dysmetria?

A

Difficulty judging distances

120
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Difficulty speaking

121
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

122
Q

Where does the olfactory sense originate?

A

Limbic system, base of brain

123
Q

Where does the vision sense originate?

A

Occipital lobe

124
Q

Where does the gustatory sense originate?

A

The insula

125
Q

Where does somatosensory (touch) sense originate?

A

Postcentral gyrus

126
Q

Where does the auditory sense originate?

A

Temporal lobe

127
Q

Where are cell bodies of neurons found?

A

Gray matter

128
Q

Is the internal capsule white or gray matter?

A

White matter

129
Q

Where are myelinated axons found?

A

White matter

130
Q

Where do hormonal secretions and sensory relay originate?

A

The diencephalon

131
Q

Where does conscious perception of sensory info originate?

A

Cerebral cortex

132
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in pain systems?

A

Substance P

133
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter in the GI tract that is involved in mood?

A

Seratonin

134
Q

What is found at adrenergic synapses?

A

Norepinephrine

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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