Final Exam Flashcards
What organs are part of the lymphatic system?
Spleen and tonsils
What does the muscular system do?
Produces movement
What organs are included in the digestive system?
Liver and intestines
(not a comprehensive list)
What does the male reproductive system do?
Produces and transports sperm
What does the endocrine system do?
Regulates the function of other structures through the secretion of hormones
What is a solute?
What is being dissolved (glucose for example)
What is a solvent?
the base of the solution (often water)
What is sodium best known as?
An ion
What is the term when a cation and an anion come together?
Ionic bond
What does it mean if a solution is hydrophilic?
Water can dissolve the solute easily
What are the organic compounds in the body?
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbs
What are the inorganic compounds in the body?
NACL (salts)
Water
CO2
Which of the following is not a plasma membrane protein?
Integral
Channel
Peripheral
Actin
Actin
How does CO2 move through the phospholipid bilayer?
Diffusion
When does cellular swelling most often occur?
In hypotonic solutions
Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export
Golgi apparatus
Which structures have ribosome studded surface
Rough ER
Which organelle is primarily composed of rRNA?
Ribosome
What organelle degrades old, worn-out organelles and cell components
Lysosome
What is the function of microvilli?
Increase surface area for absorption
What is the DNA nucleotide called?
Triplet
What is the mRNA nucleotide called?
Codon
What is the tRNA nucleotide called?
Anticodon
What enzyme is involved in transcription?
RNA polymerase
What are the steps of protein synthesis?
DNA uncoils for transcription
mRNA is produced in nucleus
MRNA moves to ribosome
Ribosome moves along mRNA
tRNA brings amino acid to the ribosome
Polypeptide is produced
What are the long strands of DNA uncoiled called?
Chromatin
What injections inject into the hypodermis?
Sub-cutaneous
What is the primary function of vitamin D?
required for calcium absorption from the small intestine
What are the skin layers superficial to deep?
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
What cells are layered in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
What causes goosebumps?
Arrector pilli
What do eccrine glands secrete?
Produce sweat containing mostly water
Aka merocrine gland
What cells are associated with the dermis?
Fibroblasts
Which fiber in the dermis provides tone and resistance to stretch?
Collagen
Skin without keratin would be more likely to?
Lose too much water to the environment
What is the cuticle around the nail called?
Eponychium
What is the widened end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
What does the medullary cavity contain?
Bone marrow
How would removing the calcium phosphate component from bone matrix affect the physical properties of bone?
the bone would be less compressible
What type of ossification do the skull, mandible and clavicle form through?
Intramembranous ossification
Where does secondary ossification occur during fetal bone development?
In the epiphysis
What type of cartilage is articulate cartilage of bone?
Hyaline
What is the function of Vitamin D?
It’s converted into calcitriol
What is the function of Vitamin C?
Necessary for synthesis of collagen
What is the function of testosterone?
Stimulates bone growth
What is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the GI tract?
Calcitriol
What is the main mineral in the bone matrix?
Calcium phosphate
What is the function of calcitonin?
Increases bone deposition
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Increases excretion of calcium at the kidneys
What surrounds an entire skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
Skeletal muscles form by the fusing of cells called
Myoblasts
What is the functional contractile unit of myofibril called?
Sarcomere
What is in thick filaments?
Myosin
What is in thin filaments?
Actin- anchored at the Z-disc
What happens during a muscle contraction?
H zone gets smaller
I bands get smaller
Z discs get closer together
What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?
Fascicle
Where are the receptors for acetylcholine located?
At the motor end plate
What does the t tubules action potential promote?
Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the max amount of tension in a muscle fiber called?
Tetanus
How are long lasting contractions sustained?
Oxidative catabolism
What does myoglobin do?
Stores oxygen in muscle cells
How does lactic acid form?
Glycolytic catabolism
What is the immediate source of ATP when a muscle contraction begins?
Creatine phosphate
What does epinephrine do?
Increases muscle contraction and duration
What does testosterone do?
Stimulates the synthesis of contractile proteins in muscles
What does thyroid hormone do?
Elevates the rate of contractile proteins in muscles
What is an eccentric contraction?
Muscle contraction where muscle lengthens
What is a concentric contraction?
Muscle contraction where muscle shortens
What is an isometric contraction?
Contraction where the muscle length stays the same
Both cardiac and smooth muscle rely on?
Extracellular calcium
What does the ANS do?
Controls visceral functions
What is found in the CNS?
Dorsal horns of the spinal cord
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Controls skeletal muscle contractions
What does the PNS include?
All neural tissue outside the CNS
What type of neuron carries info toward the CNS?
Afferent
Which of the following is a type of glia found in the PNS?
Schwann cell
Ependymal cell
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann cell
What neuroglial cells form the blood brain barrier and help buffer interstitial fluid in the CNS?
Astrocyte
What is the myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons?
Oligodendrocyte
The processes on a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are called
Dendrites
What ion enters the cell and causes depolarization?
Sodium
What is the resting membrane potential maintained by?
The potassium and ATPase pump
What ion enters a cell and causes it to hyperpolarize?
Chloride
What ion is necessary for a synaptic vesicle to fuse with the axon membrane?
Calcium
What molecule binds to a post synaptic receptor to open ligand gated channels?
Neurotransmitter
What shape are the sensory neurons in the PNS that are associated with touch and pain?
Multipolar shaped
What type of channel opens in response to a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on the channel?
Ligand (chemically) gated channel
Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?
During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive
At the beginning of the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open
In the hyperpolarizing phase, membrane potential becomes more negative than resting membrane potential
The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions into the neuron
The 4th is false
Where would you expect to find voltage gated sodium channels in a neuron?
Axon and axon hillock
During saltatory conduction, action potential are generated at?
The nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons
Which of the following events is most likely to trigger an action potential?
Hyperpolarization
IPSP
EPSP
opening of K+ channels
EPSP
Where do voltage gated channels first open?
At 3 at the top of the hill
Short term memory problems and expressing emotions inappropriately is likely damage to what part of the brain
Limbic system
What component of the diencephalon secretes the hormone melatonin?
Pineal gland
What does the cerebellum do?
Plans and coordinates movement
Where must almost all sensory stimuli pass through?
The thalamus
What does the hypothalamus do?
Regulates ANS, endocrine system, homeostasis, biological drives and sleep wake cycle
Ability to produce speech is a function of
Broca’s area
What is the elevated ridge on the surface of the brain called?
Gyrus
What does the prefrontal cortex affect?
Personality and behavior
What is not part of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hyperthalamus
Epithalumus
Hypothalamus
Hyperthalamus
Lobe found immediately posterior to the central sulcus is
Parietal lobe
Dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the
Falx cerebri
Limbic structure most directly responsible for memory storage and retrieval is the
Hippocampus
Fiber pathway that connects right and left hemispheres is
Corpus callosum
Enlargements of the spinal cord occur
in those spinal segments that control the limbs
End of the spinal cord is the
Conus medullaris
Tough, fibrous outermost covering (meninge) of the spinal cord is
Dura mater
CSF is produced by
The choroid plexus
The thalamus acts as a sensory filter. If sensory info ascends to cortex we say that it is
Perceived
When touch info ascends in the spinal cord, is it on the ipsalateral side (same) or contra lateral (opposite) side to the actual stimulus? What about pain and temp?
Touch ipsalateral, pain and temp contralateral
Which of the following tracts are descending?
Spinocerebellar
Spinothalamic
Posterior columns
Corticospinal
Corticospinal
What is true about dopamine in motor control?
dopamine is produced in the substantia nigra and targets the basal nuclei
Where is the cell body of the first order neuron found in somatic sensory pathways?
Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion
the space found between the bony vertebrae and dura mater is
The epidural space
A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior (ventral) gray horn would
Lead to paralysis
CSF flows within the
Subarachnoid space
Where are samples of CSF fluid taken?
Between L4 and L5
What is diplopia?
Double vision
What is dysmetria?
Difficulty judging distances
What is dysarthria?
Difficulty speaking
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
Where does the olfactory sense originate?
Limbic system, base of brain
Where does the vision sense originate?
Occipital lobe
Where does the gustatory sense originate?
The insula
Where does somatosensory (touch) sense originate?
Postcentral gyrus
Where does the auditory sense originate?
Temporal lobe
Where are cell bodies of neurons found?
Gray matter
Is the internal capsule white or gray matter?
White matter
Where are myelinated axons found?
White matter
Where do hormonal secretions and sensory relay originate?
The diencephalon
Where does conscious perception of sensory info originate?
Cerebral cortex
What neurotransmitter is used in pain systems?
Substance P
What is the major neurotransmitter in the GI tract that is involved in mood?
Seratonin
What is found at adrenergic synapses?
Norepinephrine
