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A&P 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are ligaments?

A

connect bone to bone

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2
Q

What are tendons?

A

connect muscle to bone

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3
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

capture joint capsules

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4
Q

What are the skeletal system functions?

A

-protection
-mineral storage (calcium, more, phosphate, less)
-blood cell formation (red bone marrow makes blood, yellow bone marrow stores fat)
-movement (muscles produce movement via their attachment to bones)
-support

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5
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

-most bones of the arms and legs (including humerus)
-bones of the hands, feet, fingers, and toes
-known for shape and not size

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6
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

-carpals (bones of the wrist)
-tarsals (bones of the ankle)
-known for shape and not size

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7
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

-most bones of the skull
-the ribs
-sternum
-bones of the pelvis

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8
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

-vertebrae
-certain skull bones

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9
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

A

-patella
-suspended in tendons

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10
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

-the shaft of the long bone
-mostly compact bone
-nutrient foramen allows blood and nerve supply to enter
-dense and solid with hollow tube in middle

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11
Q

What is an important concept about bone tissue and bone organs?

A

Bone tissue never touches bone tissue, only bone organs do

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12
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

-wide part at each end
-articulation with other bones (joint)
-mostly spongy bone
-covered with compact bone

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13
Q

What does spongy bone do?

A

Framework that helps to transmit forces down (body weight)
lightens bone
spongy bone weakens with age

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14
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

causes holes to appear in spongy bone particularly

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15
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

-where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
-growth plate exists largely here while we are young

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16
Q

How does bone growth appear?

A

Diaphysis increases in length and pushes epiphysis away

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17
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

-empty of bone
-has strong, compact bone walls
-center of shaft of long bone
-red bone marrow (makes blood cells, both red and white platelets)
-yellow bone marrow

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18
Q

What supplies red and yellow bone marrow?

A

Nutrient artery

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19
Q

What covers the outside of bones?

A

Periosteum

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20
Q

What do perforating fibers do?

A

-collagen of periosteum penetrates bone (perforating fibers)
-anchor tendons and ligaments to bone
-anchor collagen fibers in bone

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21
Q

What does the inner layer of the periosteum do?

A

contains cells that help make and maintain bone

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22
Q

What does the outer layer of the periosteum do?

A

fibrous layer & strong and resists stretch

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23
Q

What is the route for vessels and nerves to enter bone?

A

periosteum

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24
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

inner lining of bone
-only cellular, no fibrous component (bone cells)
-covers trabeculae of spongy bone
-lines central canals

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25
Q

What is the structure of flat bones?

A

resembles a sandwich of spongy bone
-no medullary cavity
-between 2 layers of compact bone
-spongy bone AKA diploe (with red bone marrow)

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26
Q

What drives the function of connective tissue?

A

matrix of bone tissue

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27
Q

What is in the dense matrix?

A

-deposits of calcium salts and collagen fibers
-osteocytes within lacunae
-canaliculi

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28
Q

How are osteocytes organized?

A

-around blood cells
-live in lacunae (fluid-filled)
-blood cells live in center

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29
Q

What is the canaliculi?

A

tunnel/passageway for diffusion process
form pathway for blood vessels
exchanges nutrients and wastes

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30
Q

What makes up 2/3’s of the bone’s matrix?

A

minerals (inorganic matrix)
calcium salts which form hydroxyapatite crystals
Helps bone to resist compression and gives bone its strength

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31
Q

What makes up 1/3 of the bone’s matrix?

A

protein fibers AKA collagen (organic matrix)
helps to resist twisting/breaking (reinforcement)

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32
Q

How much of the bone mass do the cells make up?

A

2%

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33
Q

What are the 4 cell types of bone?

A

osteogenic cells
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

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34
Q

What are the cycles of bone cells?

A

osteogenic to osteoblast to osteocyte

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35
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

-stem cells
-inner lining of periosteum and endosteum
-waiting for new bone/matrix
-capable of mitosis
-differentiate

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36
Q

What are osteoblast cells?

A

make bone matrix (calcium phosphate) and collagen fibers
bury themselves in bone
once buried, leaves itself lacunae and becomes dormant and becomes osteocyte

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37
Q

What are osteocyte cells?

A

Maintains matrix
does not produce new matrix

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38
Q

What are osteoclast cells?

A

not related to other 3 cell types
multinucleated
makes enzymes and secretes to dissolve bone

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39
Q

What is the basic unit of compact bone?

A

osteon

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40
Q

What are the layers surrounding osteons?

A

concentric lamellae

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41
Q

What is an osteon around (what is in the middle of an osteon)?

A

central canal

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42
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

walls of diaphysis
surface of epiphysis

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43
Q

What is in the central canal in an osteon?

A

blood vessels and nerves

44
Q

What are perforating canals?

A

tunnels that connect canal to canal to outside

45
Q

What are interstitial lamellae and what do they do?

A

remnants of old osteons
fill spaces between new osteons

46
Q

Where are circumferential lamellae located and what do they do?

A

wrapped around whole of long bone
makes bone smooth

47
Q

What does spongy bone not have?

A

no osteons
no central canal

48
Q

What is spongy bone surrounded by?

A

both bone marrows
both very vascular

49
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

A

center of epiphysis

50
Q

How is spongy bone organized?

A

organized in branches called trabeculae

51
Q

What fills the spaces between spongy bone?

A

bone marrow (obtains nutrients from it)

52
Q

What is a spongy bone’s function?

A

lightens the bone and serves as transmitter of forces

53
Q

What is primary bone?

A

-immature, woven bone
-solid mass of bone matrix
-over time, osteoclasts and osteoblasts organize matrix into layers

54
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

-Intramembranous (no cartilage used)
-Endochondral (cartilage is used)

55
Q

What is secondary bone?

A

-mature once matrix is organized into layers
-has lamellae

56
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

-starts in connective tissue proper
-skull, mandible, and clavicle form this way, AKA dermal bones
-osteoblasts migrate to periosteum

57
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

-starts with hyaline cartilage model
-cartilage does NOT become bone
-cartilage dies off and is replaced with bone tissue

58
Q

Where does cartilage remain?

A

surface (articular cartilage)
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

59
Q

What type of ossification increases bone length?

A

Endochondral ossification

60
Q

Where does longitudinal growth occur?

A

at growth plate in metaphysis

61
Q

What type of ossification does appositional growth occur by?

A

Intramembranous ossification

62
Q

How does compact bone thicken and lengthen long bone?

A

with layers of circumferential lamellae

63
Q

What happens in the zone of proliferation?

A

-chondrocytes produce new cartilage
-chondrocytes divide and push epiphysis away
-cells move down into zone of hypertrophy

64
Q

What happens in the zone of hypertrophy and maturation?

A

-chondrocytes enlarge and mature

65
Q

What happens in the zone of calcification?

A

-chondrocytes die and matrix calcifies

66
Q

What happens in the zone of ossification?

A

-osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone tissue
-diaphysis increases in length

67
Q

Where is calcium secreted in the bone growth plate zones?

A

between the zone of hypertrophy and calcification

68
Q

What does mineral recycling allow bones to do?

A

adapt to stress

69
Q

What happens to heavily stressed bones?

A

they become thicker and stronger

70
Q

How much bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity?

A

1/3

71
Q

What does normal bone growth and maintenance require?

A

-calcium and phosphate salts from diet
-small amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese
-Calcitriol

72
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Hormone that helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from digestive tract

73
Q

What does calcitriol synthesis require?

A

Vitamin D3

74
Q

Where is calcitriol made?

A

kidneys

75
Q

What is Vitamin C required for?

A

collagen synthesis
stimulation of osteoblast differentiation

76
Q

What does Vitamin A do?

A

stimulates osteoblast activity

77
Q

What does Vitamin K & B12 do?

A

help synthesize bone proteins

78
Q

What do growth hormone and thyroxine do?

A

stimulate bone growth

79
Q

What do estrogens and androgens do?

A

stimulate osteoblasts

80
Q

What do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

regulate calcium and phosphate levels

81
Q

What are calcium ions vital to?

A

membranes
neurons
muscle cells, especially heart cells

82
Q

What are calcium ions regulated by?

A

PTH and calcitonin

83
Q

How does the PTH increase calcium ion levels in the blood?

A

stimulating osteoclasts
increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
decreasing calcium excretion @ kidneys

84
Q

What is calcitonin secreted by and where?

A

secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid

85
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

decreases calcium ion levels by
-inhibiting osteoclast activity
-increasing calcium excretion @ kidneys (into urine)
-out of blood and into bones

86
Q

What factors increase osteoblast activity?

A

compressional load or exercise
tension placed on bone
testosterone
Adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamins C, D, and K

87
Q

What factors decrease osteoclast activity?

A

estrogen
calcitonin
increase in blood calcium ion concentration

88
Q

What factors decrease osteoblast activity?

A

inadequate exercise
inadequate dietary intake of calcium or vitamins C, D, or K

89
Q

What factors increase osteoclast activity?

A

continuous pressure placed on bone
parathyroid hormone
decrease in blood calcium ion concentration

90
Q

What happens in the very beginning of fracture repair?

A

formation of blood clot (hematoma)

91
Q

What happens within a week of fracture repair?

A

-fibroblasts make collagen fibers and chondrocytes make cartilage
-soft callus forms

92
Q

What happens around 6 weeks of fracture repair?

A

osteoblasts build a bone callus
bone callus is raised, hard surface. not yet stable

93
Q

What happens a couple of months into fracture repair?

A

bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone

94
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

fracture caused by a twisting force

95
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

shattered fracture
multiple pieces

96
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

fractured on one side and folded on other
not all the way through
common in the young

97
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

bone is crushed under weight above
common in the elderly and those with reduced bone mass

98
Q

What is an avulsion?

A

fracture that involves a tendon or ligament
often seen in ankle fractures
tendon or ligament pulls chunk of bone out

99
Q

What is an epiphyseal plate fracture?

A

fractured through cartilage
can interfere with growth process
can end up with limbs of different lengths
occurs in children and young adults

100
Q

When does osteopenia begin?

A

between ages 30 and 40

101
Q

How fast do men and women lose bone mass?

A

women lose 8% of bone mass per decade
men lose 3% of bone mass per decade

102
Q

What body parts are most affected by osteopenia?

A

the epiphyses
vertebrae
jaw

103
Q

What does osteopenia result in?

A

fragile limbs
reduction in height
tooth loss

104
Q

How many men and women have osteoporosis?

A

over age 45, occurs in 29% of women
18% of men

105
Q

Put the steps of endochondral ossification in order

as the medullary cavity enlarges, the remaining cartilage is replaced by bone; the epiphyses finish ossifying

the chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts

in the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early spongy bone; the secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity develop

simultaneously, the internal cartilage begins to calcify and the chondrocytes die

osteoblasts build the bone collar on the bone’s external surface as the bone begins to ossify from the outside

A
  1. the chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts
    2a. osteoblasts build the bone collar on the bone’s external surface as the bone begins to ossify from the outside
    2b. simultaneously, the internal cartilage begins to calcify and the chondrocytes die
  2. in the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early spongy bone; the secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity develop
  3. as the medullary cavity enlarges, the remaining cartilage is replaced by bone; the epiphyses finish ossifying

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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