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A&P 1 > Ch.11 > Flashcards

Ch.11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is in the PNS?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

What do nerves do?

A

connect CNS to the rest of the body

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4
Q

What type of neuron carries information toward the CNS?

A

afferent

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5
Q

What type of neuron carries motor output away from the CNS and towards the PNS?

A

efferent

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6
Q

Where does integration mostly occur?

A

CNS

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7
Q

What is the role of the somatic sensory division?

A

carries general sensory stimuli from muscles, bones, joints, and the skin, as well as special sensory stimuli

Example is proprioception- where you are in space

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8
Q

What is the role of the visceral sensory division?

A

comes from organs

examples: what the Ph of the blood is, bladder is too full

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9
Q

What is the role of the somatic motor division?

A

carries stimuli to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What is the role of the ANS?

A

carries stimuli to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

What is the role of neuroglial cells?

A

protection and support of neurons

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12
Q

Why can’t neurons divide?

A

they do not have centrioles

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13
Q

What facilitates communication between 2 cells?

A

neurotransmitter

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14
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind onto?

A

target cells

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15
Q

Where do neurons receive info?

A

dendrites

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16
Q

Where is the cell body located?

A

in receptive region (aka soma)

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17
Q

What does the cell body do?

A

receives info from dendrites and integrates it (adds it together)

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18
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

decides if there is an action potential or not

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19
Q

If there is an action potential, where does it conduct?

A

conducts down axon from cell body

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20
Q

What are axon terminals called?

A

secretory region

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21
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

most common neuron in CNS
Known as motor neuron in the PNS
known as motor (efferent) neurons or interneurons

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22
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

sensory (afferent) neuron class
nose, eyes, special senses in the PNS

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23
Q

What is pseudopolar neuron?

A

sensory (afferent) neuron class
no dendrites
sensory neurons in PNS associated with touch, pain, and vibration sensations

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24
Q

What are ganglia?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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25
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

integrate
are multipolar

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26
Q

What are cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

nuclei

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27
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

-anchor neurons and blood vessels
-regulate the extracellular environment
-help form the blood-brain barrier
-repair damaged tissue

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28
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

myelinate certain axons in the CNS

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29
Q

What does myelin do?

A

wraps around axons to allow them to conduct electricity more effectively

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30
Q

What are the functions of microglial cells?

A

act as phagocytes

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31
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A

-line cavities
-cilia circulate fluid around the brain and spinal cord
-some secrete this fluid
-line hollows of brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

Where does the PNS get oxygen from?

A

capillaries

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33
Q

How is the PNS different from the CNS?

A

does not have a blood-brain barrier

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34
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

myelinate certain axons in the PNS
wraps entire cell body around axon

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35
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

surround and support cell bodies
make sure environment is perfect since there is no blood-brain barrier
they do less

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36
Q

Where is the last place myelination happens in the brain?

A

prefrontal cortex

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37
Q

What are the differences between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

-Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS, have multiple axons, and this type of myelination largely occurs after birth
-Schwann cells are in the PNS, have a single axon, and myelination occurs in the womb

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38
Q

What do both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells do?

A

-myeline insulates myelinated axons
-increases speed of action potentials
-makes nerves appear white

39
Q

How does myelination occur?

A

-in segments called internodes

40
Q

What are axon internodes called?

A

nodes of Ranvier

41
Q

What do oligodendrocytes have?

A

multiple internodes that separate cell bodies

42
Q

What happens when an axon is not attached to a cell body?

A

it disintegrates

43
Q

What does the CNS do because it cannot regenerate?

A

replaces neurons with scar tissue
retrain remaining neurons to do different tasks (plasticity)

44
Q

What do Schwann cells do in nerve regeneration?

A

form path for new growth
wrap new axon in myelin
can grow back, but not as well sometimes

45
Q

What happens in wallerian degeneration?

A

axon distal to injury disintegrates

46
Q

What is transmembrane potential?

A

charge between ECF and intercellular fluid

47
Q

What does the transmembrane potential do?

A

move charged particles to produce electrical charge

48
Q

What is resting potential?

A

negative number of neurons
-65 to -70 mV

49
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

local potential change

50
Q

Where does a local potential occur?

A

only on dendrites and cell body
does not travel far

51
Q

What happens when an action potential travels down the axon?

A

it causes a release of neurotransmitter that then bind onto the next neuron

52
Q

When do mechanically gated ion channels open?

A

stretch/deformation

53
Q

Where are leak channels located?

A

Entire neuron
help establish resting membrane potential
always open

54
Q

When do ligand-gated channels open?

A

open in response to binding of neurotransmitter
responsible for local potential changes in local receptive areas

55
Q

When do voltage-gated channels open?

A

open when threshold is reached and opening causes action potential
Found abundantly in the axolemma

56
Q

Where does an action potential start?

A

axon hillock

57
Q

What is the threshold for opening voltage-gated channels?

A

-55 to -60 at axon hillock

58
Q

What happens when voltage-gated channels open?

A

sodium rushes in

59
Q

Where do potential changes come from?

A

dendrites and cell body

60
Q

Why does depolarization happen?

A

up to +30 because voltage-gated channels open

61
Q

What happens at +30?

A

sodium channels close and are inactive
potassium channels open
potential becomes negative

62
Q

What is repolarization?

A

return to resting membrane potential (-70 mV)

63
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

potassium is still leaking through channels at -70 mV

64
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

time when another action potential can’t be generated

65
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

membrane potential is almost normal
very large stimulus can trigger action potential

66
Q

What is continuous propagation?

A

unmyelinated axons along the entire axon
all portions of axon plasma membrane participate

67
Q

What is saltatory propagation?

A

-myelinated axons jumps from one node of Ranvier to another
-faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation
-depolarization only occurs at nodes

68
Q

What happens when an axon is smaller in diameter?

A

the action potential moves slower

69
Q

What are type A fibers?

A

-myelinated and large diameter so has high speed
- somato sensation (where you are in space and motor fibers)
-responsible for position, balance and motor impulses

70
Q

What are type B fibers?

A

-sensory (fine touch, vision and special senses)
-also responsible for ANS
-causes fast pain

71
Q

What are type C fibers?

A

-unmyelinated, small diameter
-slow speed
-responsible for temperature, ANS, and slow pain information

72
Q

What does a presynaptic neuron do?

A

releases neurotransmitter at synapse

73
Q

What does a postsynaptic neuron do?

A

has receptors at synapse

74
Q

How does a neurotransmitter travel?

A

from high to no concentration by diffusion across cleft

75
Q

What happens at a chemical synapse?

A

-action potential causes depolarization which opens voltage-gated calcium channels
-calcium rushes in and causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters which diffuse and bind onto receptors
-if channel opens and ions move in out (local potential) it may or may not causes an action potential in the post synaptic neuron

76
Q

Where are calcium channels found?

A

only at axon terminal

77
Q

What causes an action potential?

A

threshold is reached at axon hillock

78
Q

What are local potential changes AKA?

A

post synaptic potential

79
Q

What is depolarization AKA?

A

excitatory
brings closer to threshold

80
Q

What is hyperpolarization AKA?

A

inhibitory
moves away from threshold

81
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

multiple action potentials from a single neuron, one after the other

82
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

many neurons all at the same time produce excitatory post synaptic potential

83
Q

How does an action potential fire?

A

ADD EPSP to IPSP at threshold

84
Q

What makes sure that neurotransmitters don’t move to another neuron?

A

astrocytes

85
Q

What is dopamine’s role?

A

plays a role in motor control and reward neurotransmitter

86
Q

What is seratonin’s role?

A

involved in mood
major neurotransmitter in gut (gastric motility)

87
Q

What is GABA?

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

88
Q

What is NE/E?

A

more common neurotransmitter
released by neurons and bind onto post-synapse (adrenergic)

89
Q

What synapse uses Ach?

A

NMJ

90
Q

What is glumamate?

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

91
Q

What is substance P?

A

pain neurotransmitter

92
Q

What does cholinergic mean?

A

synapses that use Ach

93
Q

Where are ligand-gated ion channels located?

A

Dendrites and cell body

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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