Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Describes structures of the body
Physiology
Study of function
Gross anatomy
Examines large, visible structures (macroscopic)
Surface anatomy
Exterior features
Regional anatomy
Body areas
Systemic anatomy
Groups of organs working together
Histology
Study of tissues (microscopic)
Cytology
Study of cells (microscopic)
How is physiology divided?
By organ system; can also be specific to body chemicals (molecular) or cellular processes
Levels of organization
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
What is the cycle of homeostasis?
Receptor, control center, effector
What is the negative feedback loop cycle?
Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector (response)
What makes a positive feedback loop different from a negative feedback loop?
The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus and moves the body further away from homeostasis.
Gradient
Unequal amount of something in 2 adjacent areas.
Three common gradients
Pressure, concentration, temperature
How does a gradient move?
A gradient will always move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
How do cells communicate?
Chemical messengers or electrical signals
How do processes happen during cell to cell communication?
Sodium ions move into neurons, change voltages and make things happen.
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- protects the body from the external environment
- produces vitamin D
- Retains water
- Regulates body temperature
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- supports the body
- protects internal organs
- provides leverage for movement
- produces blood cells
- stores calcium salts
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- Produces movement
- controls body movement
- generates heat
What are the functions of the nervous system?
- regulates body functions
- provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
- regulates body functions
- regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
- pumps and delivers oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the tissues
- removes wastes from the tissues
- Transport cells, nutrients, and other substances
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
- Provides immunity (protection against disease)
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
-delivers oxygen to the blood
-Removes carbon dioxide from the
body
-maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- digests food
- absorbs nutrients into the blood
- Removes food waste
- Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- removes metabolic wastes from the blood
- Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance
- stimulates blood cell production
What are the functions of the reproductive system (male)?
- produces and transports sperm
- Secretes hormones
- sexual function
What are the functions of the reproductive system (female)?
- produces and transports oocytes (eggs)
- Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
- Secretes hormones
- Sexual function
What phrase best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
Form follows function
What is anabolism?
Smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones, such as building muscle
Catabolism
Larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones, as in digestion.
What happens when there is more anabolism than catabolism?
Growth
What is growth?
Increase in size of cells or in increase in number of cells
Excretion
End of metabolic processes; waste processes
What are the properties common to all living organisms?
One or more cells, metabolism (anabolism & catabolism), growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction
Microscopic anatomy
Requires microscope; histology (tissue), cytology (cell)
How are electrical signals between cells characterized?
They typically travel to neighboring cells
How are chemical messengers in cell cell communication characterized?
They can travel through the blood or other cell fluid
A neuron stimulating a muscle cell is an example of
cell-cell communication
Which feedback loop is responsible for the magnification of uterine contractions during childbirth?
positive
What cellular structure detects stimuli and sends information to the control center in a feedback loop?
receptor
A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed
an effector
