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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the cytoplasm?

A

-cytosol
-organelles
-cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What is another name for ECF?

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

What are the concentrations inside and outside of the cell?

A

-Potassium (K+) high in concentration inside of the cell
-Sodium (Na+) low in concentration outside of cell

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4
Q

How are the phospholipids in the plasma membrane oriented?

A

-head is polar
-tail is nonpolar
-tails point toward one another

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5
Q

What is on the outer part of the plasma membrane?

A

Peripheral proteins

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6
Q

What can’t get through the plasma membrane?

A

charged particles

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7
Q

What are the hexagons associated with the plasma membrane?

A

-Sugar
-Identifier
-Might be bound to proteins/phospholipids

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8
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

-Protein with carbohydrate attached

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9
Q

Where is cholesterol in the plasma membrane and what is its purpose?

A

-Embedded in plasma membrane
-Makes membrane more flexible
-Necessary for healthy cells because of flexibility/fluidity.

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10
Q

What is a membrane protein channel’s structure/function?

A

Tunnel through plasma membrane

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11
Q

What is a membrane protein carrier’s structure/function?

A

-Opens things up
-More intentional
-Binds and transports substances in or out of the cell

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12
Q

What is a membrane protein receptor’s structure/function?

A

-outside of cell
-Molecule binds onto them
-triggers change in membrane protein or cell

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13
Q

What is a membrane protein enzyme’s structure/function?

A

-Will always be a protein
-Catalyzes chemical reactions inside cell

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14
Q

What is a membrane protein structural support’s structure/function?

A

-Membrane proteins bind other proteins in the ECF and/or the cytosol, supporting cell

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15
Q

What is a membrane protein linking adjacent cell’s structure/function?

A

-Link adjacent cells in a tissue together
-like velcro

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16
Q

How is diffusion characterized?

A

-will always be passive
-needs concentration gradient
-SOLUTE will move until equilibrium is reached

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17
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

-Type of diffusion that does not need protein to go through plasma membrane
-nonpolar; can move through membrane easily
-Hydrophilic (steroid hormones, oxygen, CO2)

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18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

-Connects ICF to ECF
-Needs channel to go through (Na+ and K+ for example)
-Polar

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19
Q

What happens with facilitated diffusion of polar and ionic compounds?

A

Molecule binds to carrier and carrier changes shape and opens carrier to inside of cell

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

-WATER moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration area until equilibrium is reached
-requires semi-permeable membrane
-passive

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21
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The sum of all dissolved substances (a way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between 2 solutions)

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22
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

-both fluids have approximately the same concentration
-no net movement of water
-no volume changes

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23
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

-higher solute concentration outside cell
-water leaves cell
-cell shrivels
-crenation (shrunken cell that looks spiny because cytoskeleton is poking out)

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24
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

-Higher solute concentration inside cell
-water enters cell
-swells cell and cell may burst

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25
Q

What is the active transport NA+ K+ Pump?

A

K+ moves into cell
Na+ moves out of cell
Moves Na out/K in against concentration gradients
MAINTAINS gradients

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26
Q

How is the transmembrane potential characterized?

A

inside of cell negative compared to outside at rest
plasma membrane and active transport help maintain potential (electrical gradient)

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27
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

-use vesicles to move larger things
-vesicles are membrane-bound containers formed from plasma membrane
-bringing outside to inside using vesicle

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28
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

-type of endocytosis that brings very large particles into cell
-usually bacteria or damaged or dead cells of parts of cell

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29
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A

-Bacteria binds to receptor in plasma membrane
-Pseudopods reach and surround particles
-Phagosome (vesicle) fuses with lysosome and it is digested

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30
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

-type of endocytosis
-takes small samples of ECF
-way of sampling

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31
Q

How does pinocytosis occur?

A

-forms tiny vesicle
-transport vesicle loses protein coat and fuses with endosome
-either returns to plasma membrane, sent to lysosome, or may exit out of opposite side of cell

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32
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

-things inside of cell released to outside
-cell forms vesicles
-fuses with plasma membrane and is released to outside

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33
Q

Which organelles are membrane-bound?

A

mitochondria, peroxisomes, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes

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34
Q

Which organelles are not membrane-bound?

A

ribosomes and centrosomes

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35
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

-makes ATP (consumes O2, CO2 waste)
-Has its own DNA

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36
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to destroy toxins and fatty acids in the body
-synthesizes some phospholipids

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37
Q

What are ribosomes structure/function?

A

-Physically made up of RNA
-Protein synthesis

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38
Q

Where are ribosomes fixed and free?

A

Free in cytosol and bound in ER

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39
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-network membranes involved in synthesis mainly for secretion (leaving cell)

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40
Q

What is the structure/function of the Rough ER?

A

-studded with ribosomes
-involved in protein processing

41
Q

What is the structure/function of the Smooth ER?

A

-no ribosomes
-lipid synthesis (such as steroids and cholesterol)

42
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

-involved in packaging products from the ER into vesicles for secretion (exocytosis)
–Also makes lysosomes

43
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

-vesicle-looking with digestive enzymes inside (powerful)
-3 functions include cleaning up the inside of the cell, getting rid of residue, and apaptosis (cell destroying itself)

44
Q

What conditions (1) cause a lysosome to be activated?

A

-A primary lysosome fuses w/ the membrane of another organelle, such as mitochondrion

45
Q

What conditions (2) cause a lysosome to be activated?

A

-A primary lysosome fuses w/ an endosome containing fluid or solid materials from outside the cell

46
Q

What conditions (3) cause a lysosome to be activated?

A

-The lysosomal membrane breaks down during autolysis following injury to, or death of the cell

47
Q

What is in the cytoskeleton?

A

-actin (microfilaments)
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

48
Q

What are microtubule structures?

A

-Centrioles
-cilia
-flagella

49
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

-inside the centrosome
-involved in mitosis

50
Q

What do cilia do and where are they?

A

-involved in sweeping across cell surface
-long
-surface of cell (in airways, in reproductive)

51
Q

What are flagella and where are they?

A

-allow cell to “swim”
-tail that whips to propel cell forward
-only in sperm

52
Q

What is the structure/function of microvilli?

A

-have microfilaments at core
-extensions of plasma membrane
-serve to increase surface area for absorption

53
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

-command center of cell
-contains DNA
-Nuclear envelope with pores
-Nucleolus responsible for rRNA and making ribosomes

54
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

protein synthesis

55
Q

What is chromatin?

A

-one extremely long DNA molecule
-Nucleotides strung together form proteins

56
Q

What is the structure/function of a nucleosome?

A

-strand of DNA coiled around group of histone proteins
-like beads on string
-supercoils into visible chromosome for cellular division

57
Q

What is transcription and where does it happen?

A

-happens in nucleus
-DNA to mRNA

58
Q

What is translation and where does it happen?

A

-in cytoplasm on ribosomes
-Ribosome reads code from mRNA
-Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain

59
Q

What is processing and where does it happen?

A

-By RER & Golgi Apparatus; produce protein
-A gene codes for a specific protein

60
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of transcription?

A

-transcription factors bind to promotor
-RNA polymerase (does copying) unravels DNA and binds to promoter

61
Q

What happens in the elongation stage of transcription?

A

-Building RNA in complementary nucleotides
-3 letter code on DNA is triplet
-3 letter code on mRNA is codon
-3 letter code on tRNA is anticodon

62
Q

What happens in the termination stage of transcription?

A

-end of gene is reached
-mRNA transcript is released

63
Q

What is the first step of translation?

A

-Initiator RNA binds the mRNA start codon in the ribosome

64
Q

What is at the other end of tRNA?

A

anticodon; complementary to codon on mRNA

65
Q

What does the anticodon bring in?

A

-amino acid

66
Q

What is the A site?

A

-site that is accepting site for new tRNA’s to bring amino acids

67
Q

What is the P site?

A

-for building peptide bonds

68
Q

What is the E site

A

-exiting site

69
Q

What happens in processing?

A

-Protein is folded and modified into final protein, most of which occurs in the cytosol or rough ER.

70
Q

A long, thin strand of DNA and its associated proteins is called

A

chromatin

71
Q

Human cells that lack centrioles cannot

A

divide

72
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

ribosomes

73
Q

Which of the following functions is not associated with the peroxisomes?

-digesting worn-out organelles
-breaking down fatty acids
-synthesizing certain phospholipids
-oxidizing toxic substances

A

digesting worn-out organelles

74
Q

Which organelle has a second inner membrane that has folds called cristae, and a matrix?

A

mitochondrion

75
Q

Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system?
-lysosomes
-peroxisomes
-golgi apparatus
-Smooth ER

A

peroxisomes

76
Q

Which cellular extensions can increase the surface area of the plasme membrane up to 40%?

A

microvilli

77
Q

What organelle modifies polypeptides so they can fold into fully functional proteins?

A

Rough ER

78
Q

Which of the following functions does not relate to the smooth ER?
-Protein synthesis
-detoxification reactions
-calcium ion storage
-lipid synthesis

A

protein synthesis

79
Q

Which of the following functions is not associated with intermediate filaments within the cell?

-associating with motor proteins to move vesicles and organelles throughout the cell
-forming a network under the membrane around the nucleus to support its shape and size
-forming a network within the cytoplasm that gives the cell mechanical strength

A

associating with motor proteins to move vesicles and organelles throughout the cell (function of microtubules)

80
Q

Within the nucleus, where does ribosome assembly occur?

A

Nucleolus

81
Q

______ are tightly coiled and condensed barlike structures that separate during anaphase

A

Chromosomes

82
Q

The Na+/K+ pump transports _____ out of the cell for every _____ moved into the cell

A

three sodium ions; two potassium ions

83
Q

Which of the following functions is associated with many plasma membrane proteins?

-promotes fluidity of the membrane
-oxygen transport
-molecular transport through the membrane
-forms a lipid bilayer

A

molecular transport through the membrane

84
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from secretory vesicles in neurons by a process called

A

exocytosis

85
Q

_____ stabilizes the structure of the plasma membrane when the temperature changes

A

Cholesterol

86
Q

Sodium ions move through the plasma membrane through a carrier protein using no energy in ____

A

facilitated diffusion

87
Q

Ingesting cellular debris occurs in a process called

A

phagocytosis

88
Q

Carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by ______

A

simple diffusion

89
Q

Two types of active transport vesicles are

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

90
Q

During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles?

A

anaphase

91
Q

What is the correct order of the phases in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

92
Q

A final mRNA transcript of 300 nucleotides would code for ____ amino acids

A

100

93
Q

A ______ is a three nucleotide sequence of mRNA that specifies a single amino acid

A

codon

94
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the mitotic spindle form?

A

Prophase

95
Q

What brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

96
Q

What are the 2 major steps of gene expression that produce a protein from a gene?

A

transcription and translation

97
Q

What tRNA codon is complementary to the mRNA codon GUA?

A

CAU

98
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter and builds an mRNA molecule

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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