Chapter 2 Flashcards
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
Proton
Positive charge
Neutron
Neutral charge
Electron
Negative charge
Lose an electron
Positive charge
Gain an electron
Negative charge
4 main elements human body is made up of
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen (7 Mineral Elements drive processes +13 trace elements)
Covalent bond
- Atoms share electrons
- stronger and hard to pull apart
- 2 or more nonmetals share electrons
Ionic bond
- electrons are given away
- weaker and easier to pull apart
Cation
Positively charged ion (gave up electron) 
Anion
Negatively charged ion (received electron) 
Nonpolar covalent bond
- No charge anywhere in molecule
- neutral
- balance negatives and positives
Polar covalent bond
- unequal sharing of electrons
- One side has partial charge, other side has opposite
Hydrogen bond
Bond between water molecules
Inorganic compounds
- do not contain carbon bound to hydrogen
- Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, electrolytes (salts), acids and bases (hydrochloric acid in stomach) 
Organic compounds
Have a carbon-hydrogen base and often include oxygen
- Carbs
- Proteins (most numerous) (enzymes)
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Physiological properties of water 
- High heat capacity
- Carries heat away as evaporates
- high density (cushions)
- lubrication
- solution (water is base of most solutions in body)
Solute
What is being dissolved
Hydrophilic
Dissolves well in water
Salt, sugar
Hydrophobic
Do not mix well with water
Oils, fats
ATP
- Stores high energy in phosphate bonds, energy currency
- Hydrolysis can release this energy to drive physiological reactions.
- produced in large quantities by mitochondria.
Solution
Fluid base with something dissolved in it
Solvent
The water (base of solution)
