Mitosis and Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Why do Multiorganisms depend on cell division

A

Growth (development from an embryo into an adult)

Renewal (cells die naturally and need to be replaced)

Repair (cell are destroyed and need to need to be replaced)

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2
Q

What is binary fission

A

prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division (asexual)

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3
Q

How does binary fission work

A

the chromosome replicates at the ori and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

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4
Q

What is the genome in a prokaryotes

A

A single DNA molecule

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5
Q

What is the genome in a eukaryotic

A

Multiple DNA molecules

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6
Q

What are the 2 main events of the cell cycle

A

Mitotic (M) phase: consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase (cell growth, copying of DNA on chromosomes, synthesizing proteins and new organelles in preparation for cell division)

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7
Q

What are the phases of interphase

A

G1,S,G2

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8
Q

What is G1

A

cells undergo major portion of growth

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9
Q

What is S phase?

A

it replicates DNA

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10
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

chromosomes coil more tightly using motor proteins, centrioles replicate

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11
Q

How do chromatids stay attached?

A

at the centromere by cohesion proteins

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12
Q

What are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the mitotic spindle?

A

It physically separates the chromosomes during mitosis

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14
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and become visible

the spindle apparatus assembles (asters assemble)

the nuclear envelope breaks down

The golgi and ER are dispersed

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15
Q

What is an aster

A

a radial array of microtubules in animals (not in plants)

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16
Q

What happens in prometaphase

A

Occurs after nuclear envelope disassembles

The chromosomes are attached to microtubules at the kinetochore and move to the equator of the cell via motor proteins at the kinetochores

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17
Q

How are the chromosomes connected to microtubules?

A

Each sister chromatid must be connected to microtubules from opposite poles at their kinetochores

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18
Q

What is metaphase

A

The chromosomes align along the metaphase plate and are under tension from the microtubule attachment from opposite poles

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19
Q

What does the mitotic spindle include

A

Centrosomes, Spindle, Microtubules, and asters

20
Q

What is anaphase

A

the centromeres are spilt and pulled apart with the removal of cohesion proteins from all chromosomes

the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

21
Q

what are the two movements of anaphase

A

Anaphase A and Anaphase B

22
Q

What is anaphase A

A

kinetochores are pulled toward poles

23
Q

what is anaphase B

A

poles move apart and the spindle lengthens

24
Q

What is telophase

A

the spindle apparatus disassembles, the nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids

chromosomes decondense

a nucleolus reappears in each nucleus

Golgi complex and ER reform

25
What are the sister chromatids called when the nuclear envelope reforms during telophase
chromosomes
26
when does the nuclear envelope disassemble and reform
prophase and telophase
27
When does cytokinesis occur
it overlaps with telophase it cleaves the cell into two
28
how does cytokinesis occur in animals
constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow
29
how does cytokinesis occur in plants
a cell plate forms between the nuclei
30
how does cytokinesis occur in fungi and protists
the nuclear membrane does not dissolve and mitosis rather occurs in the nucleus, the division of the nucleus occurs with cytokinesis
31
What are the irreversible points of the cell cycle
replication of genetic material separation of the sister chromatids
32
What are the three check points for cell division
G1/S checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint, Late metaphase (spindle checkpoint)
33
G1/S checkpoint
The cell decides whether or not to divide most important signal, primary point for influence of external signal
34
What is the G2/M checkpoimt
the Cell commits to mitosis and assesses accuracy of DNA replication
35
What is the late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?
the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle
36
Which checkpoint is the most important
G1, usually a cell will complete S, G2, and M phases if it recieves the go ahead signal at G1
37
What happens if a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 phase?
It exits the cycle and switches to a nondividing state called the G0 phase
38
What is G1
It is cell growth and the synthesis of new organelles and the cytoskeleton
39
what is the order of the cell cycle
Interphase: G1, S, G2 Mitosis +Cytokinesis
40
what is the S phase
DNA replication
41
what is a chromatid
it is one of the identical halves of a duplicated chromosome created in DNA replication
42
G2 Phase
cell growth, chromosomes condense more,centrosomes replicate, and microtubulin synthesis occurs
43
Centrosome
structure of cell division and the mitotic spindle, it moves to polar ends during prophase organizes microtubules
44
Sister chromatid
One of the duplicated chromosomes attached by cohesion proteins
45
Interphase
involved in cell growth, copying of DNA, synthesizing proteins, and creating new organelles in preparation for cell division
46
Mitosis
division of a genome, divided into 5 phases
47
Mitotic (M) phase:
consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis