Mitosis and Cell Cycle Flashcards by Isabelle Glaesman

Why do Multiorganisms depend on cell division

Growth (development from an embryo into an adult)

Renewal (cells die naturally and need to be replaced)

Repair (cell are destroyed and need to need to be replaced)

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What is binary fission

prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division (asexual)

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How does binary fission work

the chromosome replicates at the ori and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

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What is the genome in a prokaryotes

A single DNA molecule

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What is the genome in a eukaryotic

Multiple DNA molecules

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What are the 2 main events of the cell cycle

Mitotic (M) phase: consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase (cell growth, copying of DNA on chromosomes, synthesizing proteins and new organelles in preparation for cell division)

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What are the phases of interphase

G1,S,G2

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What is G1

cells undergo major portion of growth

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What is S phase?

it replicates DNA

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What is the G2 phase?

chromosomes coil more tightly using motor proteins, centrioles replicate

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How do chromatids stay attached?

at the centromere by cohesion proteins

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What are the phases of mitosis

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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What is the purpose of the mitotic spindle?

It physically separates the chromosomes during mitosis

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What happens during prophase?

The chromosomes condense and become visible

the spindle apparatus assembles (asters assemble)

the nuclear envelope breaks down

The golgi and ER are dispersed

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What is an aster

a radial array of microtubules in animals (not in plants)

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What happens in prometaphase

Occurs after nuclear envelope disassembles

The chromosomes are attached to microtubules at the kinetochore and move to the equator of the cell via motor proteins at the kinetochores

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How are the chromosomes connected to microtubules?

Each sister chromatid must be connected to microtubules from opposite poles at their kinetochores

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What is metaphase

The chromosomes align along the metaphase plate and are under tension from the microtubule attachment from opposite poles

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What does the mitotic spindle include

Centrosomes, Spindle, Microtubules, and asters

What is anaphase

the centromeres are spilt and pulled apart with the removal of cohesion proteins from all chromosomes

the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

what are the two movements of anaphase

Anaphase A and Anaphase B

What is anaphase A

kinetochores are pulled toward poles

what is anaphase B

poles move apart and the spindle lengthens

What is telophase

the spindle apparatus disassembles, the nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids

chromosomes decondense

a nucleolus reappears in each nucleus

Golgi complex and ER reform

What are the sister chromatids called when the nuclear envelope reforms during telophase

chromosomes

when does the nuclear envelope disassemble and reform

prophase and telophase

When does cytokinesis occur

it overlaps with telophase it cleaves the cell into two

how does cytokinesis occur in animals

constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow

how does cytokinesis occur in plants

a cell plate forms between the nuclei

how does cytokinesis occur in fungi and protists

the nuclear membrane does not dissolve and mitosis rather occurs in the nucleus, the division of the nucleus occurs with cytokinesis

What are the irreversible points of the cell cycle

replication of genetic material separation of the sister chromatids

What are the three check points for cell division

G1/S checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint, Late metaphase (spindle checkpoint)

G1/S checkpoint

The cell decides whether or not to divide most important signal, primary point for influence of external signal

What is the G2/M checkpoimt

the Cell commits to mitosis and assesses accuracy of DNA replication

What is the late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?

the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle

Which checkpoint is the most important

G1, usually a cell will complete S, G2, and M phases if it recieves the go ahead signal at G1

What happens if a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 phase?

It exits the cycle and switches to a nondividing state called the G0 phase

What is G1

It is cell growth and the synthesis of new organelles and the cytoskeleton

what is the order of the cell cycle

Interphase: G1, S, G2 Mitosis +Cytokinesis

what is the S phase

DNA replication

what is a chromatid

it is one of the identical halves of a duplicated chromosome created in DNA replication

G2 Phase

cell growth, chromosomes condense more,centrosomes replicate, and microtubulin synthesis occurs

Centrosome

structure of cell division and the mitotic spindle, it moves to polar ends during prophase organizes microtubules

Sister chromatid

One of the duplicated chromosomes attached by cohesion proteins

Interphase

involved in cell growth, copying of DNA, synthesizing proteins, and creating new organelles in preparation for cell division

Mitosis

division of a genome, divided into 5 phases

Mitotic (M) phase:

consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis