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Bio 2 > Mitosis and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do Multiorganisms depend on cell division

A

Growth (development from an embryo into an adult)

Renewal (cells die naturally and need to be replaced)

Repair (cell are destroyed and need to need to be replaced)

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2
Q

What is binary fission

A

prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division (asexual)

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3
Q

How does binary fission work

A

the chromosome replicates at the ori and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

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4
Q

What is the genome in a prokaryotes

A

A single DNA molecule

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5
Q

What is the genome in a eukaryotic

A

Multiple DNA molecules

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6
Q

What are the 2 main events of the cell cycle

A

Mitotic (M) phase: consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase (cell growth, copying of DNA on chromosomes, synthesizing proteins and new organelles in preparation for cell division)

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7
Q

What are the phases of interphase

A

G1,S,G2

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8
Q

What is G1

A

cells undergo major portion of growth

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9
Q

What is S phase?

A

it replicates DNA

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10
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

chromosomes coil more tightly using motor proteins, centrioles replicate

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11
Q

How do chromatids stay attached?

A

at the centromere by cohesion proteins

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12
Q

What are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the mitotic spindle?

A

It physically separates the chromosomes during mitosis

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14
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and become visible

the spindle apparatus assembles (asters assemble)

the nuclear envelope breaks down

The golgi and ER are dispersed

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15
Q

What is an aster

A

a radial array of microtubules in animals (not in plants)

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16
Q

What happens in prometaphase

A

Occurs after nuclear envelope disassembles

The chromosomes are attached to microtubules at the kinetochore and move to the equator of the cell via motor proteins at the kinetochores

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17
Q

How are the chromosomes connected to microtubules?

A

Each sister chromatid must be connected to microtubules from opposite poles at their kinetochores

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18
Q

What is metaphase

A

The chromosomes align along the metaphase plate and are under tension from the microtubule attachment from opposite poles

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19
Q

What does the mitotic spindle include

A

Centrosomes, Spindle, Microtubules, and asters

20
Q

What is anaphase

A

the centromeres are spilt and pulled apart with the removal of cohesion proteins from all chromosomes

the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

21
Q

what are the two movements of anaphase

A

Anaphase A and Anaphase B

22
Q

What is anaphase A

A

kinetochores are pulled toward poles

23
Q

what is anaphase B

A

poles move apart and the spindle lengthens

24
Q

What is telophase

A

the spindle apparatus disassembles, the nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids

chromosomes decondense

a nucleolus reappears in each nucleus

Golgi complex and ER reform

25
Q

What are the sister chromatids called when the nuclear envelope reforms during telophase

A

chromosomes

26
Q

when does the nuclear envelope disassemble and reform

A

prophase and telophase

27
Q

When does cytokinesis occur

A

it overlaps with telophase

it cleaves the cell into two

28
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in animals

A

constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow

29
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in plants

A

a cell plate forms between the nuclei

30
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in fungi and protists

A

the nuclear membrane does not dissolve and mitosis rather occurs in the nucleus, the division of the nucleus occurs with cytokinesis

31
Q

What are the irreversible points of the cell cycle

A

replication of genetic material

separation of the sister chromatids

32
Q

What are the three check points for cell division

A

G1/S checkpoint, G2/M checkpoint, Late metaphase (spindle checkpoint)

33
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

The cell decides whether or not to divide

most important signal, primary point for influence of external signal

34
Q

What is the G2/M checkpoimt

A

the Cell commits to mitosis and assesses accuracy of DNA replication

35
Q

What is the late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint?

A

the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle

36
Q

Which checkpoint is the most important

A

G1, usually a cell will complete S, G2, and M phases if it recieves the go ahead signal at G1

37
Q

What happens if a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 phase?

A

It exits the cycle and switches to a nondividing state called the G0 phase

38
Q

What is G1

A

It is cell growth and the synthesis of new organelles and the cytoskeleton

39
Q

what is the order of the cell cycle

A

Interphase: G1, S, G2

Mitosis +Cytokinesis

40
Q

what is the S phase

A

DNA replication

41
Q

what is a chromatid

A

it is one of the identical halves of a duplicated chromosome created in DNA replication

42
Q

G2 Phase

A

cell growth, chromosomes condense more,centrosomes replicate, and microtubulin synthesis occurs

43
Q

Centrosome

A

structure of cell division and the mitotic spindle, it moves to polar ends during prophase

organizes microtubules

44
Q

Sister chromatid

A

One of the duplicated chromosomes attached by cohesion proteins

45
Q

Interphase

A

involved in cell growth, copying of DNA, synthesizing proteins, and creating new organelles in preparation for cell division

46
Q

Mitosis

A

division of a genome, divided into 5 phases

47
Q

Mitotic (M) phase:

A

consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis

Bio 2 (16 decks)

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