Cellular resp Flashcards

1
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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2
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

it consumes compounds other than O2

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3
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 5 O2 (Oxygen) ——> 6CO2 +6H20 +Energy

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4
Q

Where are electrons shuttled?

A

In H atoms

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

When a molecule gains Hs, they are reduced

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5
Q

What is NAD+

A

they are electron carriers that function as oxidizing agents during cellular respiration

It can accept an electron

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6
Q

What is NADH

A

it is the reduced form of NAD (gains e) and represents stored energy for synthesizing ATP

It gain donate an electron

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7
Q

What do electron transport chains allow for?

A

A controlled release of energy

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8
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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9
Q

what happens during glycolysis

A

it breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

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10
Q

what happens during the cirtric acid cycle?

A

it completes the break down of glucose

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11
Q

For each molecule of glucose how many ATP are made

A

32

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12
Q

what happens during oxidative phosphorlyation

A

it accounts for most of ATP synthesis

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13
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

it is a smaller amount of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen

A

no

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16
Q

What generally occurs during glycolysis and what is produced as byproducts?

A

glucose (6C) is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate

it produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH

17
Q

What must occur to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?

A

it must be converted to Acetyl CoA through oxidation where it produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2

18
Q

what does the citric acid cycle create per cycle?

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 (this needs to be multiplied twice for glucose since glucose creates two Pyruvates)

19
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Within the mitochondrial matrix

20
Q

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what accounts for most of the energy extracted from food?

A

NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

21
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 do?

A

they donate electrons to the electron transport chain and power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

they alternate states of reduction and oxidation as they accept and donate electrons

22
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion

23
Q

What is the cristae composed of?

A

mostly multiprotein complexes called cytochromes

24
Q

what happens throughout the electron transport chain

A

the electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are passed to O2 to form H20

25
What is the function of the ETC?
to break the large free energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts
26
What does the electron flow from NADH/FADH2 create?
a pump of energy to pump H+ across the membrane
27
what happens when the H+ is pumped across the membrane
energy is stored in the gradient that couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
28
what is the proton-motive force
it is the H+ gradient
29
what happens when H+ moves back through the membrane
it passes through a protein complex known as ATP synthase that uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive the phosphorylation of ATP
30
what is chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
31
In cellular respiration, where does the H+ initially go when the glucose is being oxidized?
it goes to the electron transporter NAD+
32
what is the downhill path that electrons take when glucose is oxidized the the e is transfered to the oxygen to create water?
glucose----> NADH---->>>> Electron Transport Chain-------> Oxygen
33
what powers oxidative phosphorylation? (ATP synthesis)
the series of redox reactions that occur down the electron transport chains