Cellular resp

Question 1

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 1

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

Question 2

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 2

it consumes compounds other than O2

Question 3

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

Answer 3

C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 5 O2 (Oxygen) ——> 6CO2 +6H20 +Energy

Question 4

Where are electrons shuttled?

Answer 4

In H atoms

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

When a molecule gains Hs, they are reduced

Question 5

What is NAD+

Answer 5

they are electron carriers that function as oxidizing agents during cellular respiration

It can accept an electron

Question 6

What is NADH

Answer 6

it is the reduced form of NAD (gains e) and represents stored energy for synthesizing ATP

It gain donate an electron

Question 7

What do electron transport chains allow for?

Answer 7

A controlled release of energy

Question 8

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 8

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 9

what happens during glycolysis

Answer 9

it breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Question 10

what happens during the cirtric acid cycle?

Answer 10

it completes the break down of glucose

Question 11

For each molecule of glucose how many ATP are made

Answer 11

32

Question 12

what happens during oxidative phosphorlyation

Answer 12

it accounts for most of ATP synthesis

Question 13

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 13

it is a smaller amount of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 14

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 14

in the cytoplasm

Question 15

does glycolysis require oxygen

Answer 15

no

Question 16

What generally occurs during glycolysis and what is produced as byproducts?

Answer 16

glucose (6C) is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate

it produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 17

What must occur to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?

Answer 17

it must be converted to Acetyl CoA through oxidation where it produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2

Question 18

what does the citric acid cycle create per cycle?

Answer 18

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 (this needs to be multiplied twice for glucose since glucose creates two Pyruvates)

Question 19

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 19

Within the mitochondrial matrix

Question 20

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what accounts for most of the energy extracted from food?

Answer 20

NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

Question 21

What do NADH and FADH2 do?

Answer 21

they donate electrons to the electron transport chain and power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

they alternate states of reduction and oxidation as they accept and donate electrons

Question 22

Where is the electron transport chain?

Answer 22

in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion

Question 23

What is the cristae composed of?

Answer 23

mostly multiprotein complexes called cytochromes

Question 24

what happens throughout the electron transport chain

Answer 24

the electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are passed to O2 to form H20

Question 25

What is the function of the ETC?

Answer 25

to break the large free energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts

Question 26

What does the electron flow from NADH/FADH2 create?

Answer 26

a pump of energy to pump H+ across the membrane

Question 27

what happens when the H+ is pumped across the membrane

Answer 27

energy is stored in the gradient that couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis

Question 28

what is the proton-motive force

Answer 28

it is the H+ gradient

Question 29

what happens when H+ moves back through the membrane

Answer 29

it passes through a protein complex known as ATP synthase that uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive the phosphorylation of ATP

Question 30

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 30

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

Question 31

In cellular respiration, where does the H+ initially go when the glucose is being oxidized?

Answer 31

it goes to the electron transporter NAD+

Question 32

what is the downhill path that electrons take when glucose is oxidized the the e is transfered to the oxygen to create water?

Answer 32

glucose—-> NADH—-»» Electron Transport Chain——-> Oxygen

Question 33

what powers oxidative phosphorylation? (ATP synthesis)

Answer 33

the series of redox reactions that occur down the electron transport chains