Cellular resp Flashcards
what is aerobic respiration
consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
it consumes compounds other than O2
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 5 O2 (Oxygen) ——> 6CO2 +6H20 +Energy
Where are electrons shuttled?
In H atoms
The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules
When a molecule gains Hs, they are reduced
What is NAD+
they are electron carriers that function as oxidizing agents during cellular respiration
It can accept an electron
What is NADH
it is the reduced form of NAD (gains e) and represents stored energy for synthesizing ATP
It gain donate an electron
What do electron transport chains allow for?
A controlled release of energy
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
what happens during glycolysis
it breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
what happens during the cirtric acid cycle?
it completes the break down of glucose
For each molecule of glucose how many ATP are made
32
what happens during oxidative phosphorlyation
it accounts for most of ATP synthesis
What is substrate-level phosphorylation
it is a smaller amount of ATP formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
does glycolysis require oxygen
no
What generally occurs during glycolysis and what is produced as byproducts?
glucose (6C) is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
it produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
What must occur to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?
it must be converted to Acetyl CoA through oxidation where it produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2
what does the citric acid cycle create per cycle?
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 (this needs to be multiplied twice for glucose since glucose creates two Pyruvates)
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Within the mitochondrial matrix
Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what accounts for most of the energy extracted from food?
NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)
What do NADH and FADH2 do?
they donate electrons to the electron transport chain and power ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
they alternate states of reduction and oxidation as they accept and donate electrons
Where is the electron transport chain?
in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
What is the cristae composed of?
mostly multiprotein complexes called cytochromes
what happens throughout the electron transport chain
the electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are passed to O2 to form H20
What is the function of the ETC?
to break the large free energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts
What does the electron flow from NADH/FADH2 create?
a pump of energy to pump H+ across the membrane
what happens when the H+ is pumped across the membrane
energy is stored in the gradient that couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
what is the proton-motive force
it is the H+ gradient
what happens when H+ moves back through the membrane
it passes through a protein complex known as ATP synthase that uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive the phosphorylation of ATP
what is chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
In cellular respiration, where does the H+ initially go when the glucose is being oxidized?
it goes to the electron transporter NAD+
what is the downhill path that electrons take when glucose is oxidized the the e is transfered to the oxygen to create water?
glucose—-> NADH—-»» Electron Transport Chain——-> Oxygen
what powers oxidative phosphorylation? (ATP synthesis)
the series of redox reactions that occur down the electron transport chains
