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Bio 2 > Cell Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Cell Structures and Functions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the taxonomic domains?

A

Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya

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2
Q

What are the similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

One or more chromosomes, Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Where is DNA contained in Eukaryotic cells

A

The nucleus

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4
Q

Where is DNA in Prokaryotes

A

in the nucleoid, not membrane-bound

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5
Q

What is the difference in internal structure between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have a cytoplasm with specialized structures called organelles

Prokaryotes do not have compartmentalized structures

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6
Q

What is the size range of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes are larger (10-100um)

prokaryotes are smaller (~1 um)

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7
Q

What is the general role of the nucleus and ribsomes

A

genetic control

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8
Q

what is the function of the endomembrane system?

A

manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown

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9
Q

what is the general function of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

energy processing

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10
Q

what is the general function of the cytoskeleton

A

structural support, movement, communication

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11
Q

Describe the main function of the nucleus and what cells its found in

A

The nucleus is where most DNA is found and it acts as the genetic control center of the cell

it is found in both plant and animal cells

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12
Q

what are the various components of a nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin

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13
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

it is composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers with pores that control the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus

it is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

It is the site of rna synthesis

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15
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Thin fibers of DNA which carry all hereditary information + Protein

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16
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus

A

It modifies proteins and membrane components/ materials into their finished forms

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17
Q

What is the general relationship of the endomembrane system

A

proteins and molecules move from the endoplasmic reticulum where they are synthesized through the golgi and finally out to the plasma membrane

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18
Q

What is the nucleus-endoplasmic reticulum complex?

A

it builds complex membranes, synthesizes proteins and prepares them for secretions. They are then sent to the golgi apparatus to be finalized

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19
Q

what are membrane-bound vesicles

A

they allow transport between organelles and the plasma membrane.

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20
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of membranes sacs +tubes that are active in membrane synthesis, synthetic, and metabolic processes

21
Q

Whats the difference between Rough and Smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes that modify proteins to be shipped

Smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of lipids, fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids

it also detoxifies molecules

22
Q

What are lysosomes

A

They act as floating garbage disposals for cells, digesting and recycling cellular waste products and consumed materials

23
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

they are oxidative organelles that rid the body of toxic substances that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product

24
Q

what are Central vacuoles?

A

They are found in mature plant cells and hold organic compounds and water

25
Q

What are flagella and Cilia

A

Cilia are short projections that beat swiftly to move fluid along and past a cell

Flagella are long, microtubule-based structures that move cells through their environment.

(Found in animals)

26
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells

they harvest energy to be used for cellular functions

27
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

they are the sites of photosynthesis and use light energy to build sugars ( found in plants)

28
Q

What are the similarities in chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

they are not a part of the endomembrane system

they have a double membrane

contain their own DNA

have proteins made by free ribosomes

involved in energy metabolism

arose by endosymbiosis

29
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

all cells have a plasma membrane

they hold the contents of a cell in place, takes in food and nutrients, aids in building and exporting molecules, allows interactions with the environment and neighboring cells

30
Q

What are ribosomes

A

granular bodies in the cytoplasm that convert genetic information into protein structure

31
Q

what are cell walls

A

they protect and give shape to the cell

32
Q

what is a centrosome

A

it is a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles

33
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

They are specialized openings in the cell wall of plants that connect cytoplasm of adjoining cells

34
Q

what is the purpose of the central vacuole in plants?

A

nutrient storage, waste management, predator deterrence, sexual reproduction, physical support

35
Q

What is endocytosis

A

the transport of molecules into the cell

36
Q

what is the role of intermediate filaments?

A

They have roles in cell shape and anchoring the nucleus and organelles

they are stable, not dynamic

37
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A

they have roles in intracellular transport, cell division, cell motility, and are highly dynamic

38
Q

What are the extracellular components and what is its general role?

A

cell walls of plants
the extracellular matric of animals
and intercellular junctions

they help cells coordinate cellular activities

39
Q

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

A

Support, Adhesion, Movement, Regulation

40
Q

What are the functions of cell walls in plants

A

maintain cell shape, protect cells, and prevent excess water uptake

41
Q

What are junctions

A

they are facilitators of communication between neighboring cells

42
Q

What do tight junctions do

A

they prevent the leakage of EC fluid across cells (animals)

43
Q

what do desmosomes do

A

they fasten cells together in strong sheets (animals)

44
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another (animals)

45
Q

what do plasmodesmata do?

A

They are specialized openings in the cell walls of plants that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells

46
Q

What are some other membrane proteins?

A

Receptor proteins for signal translation

enzymes (catalysts for biochem reactions)

cell-cell recognition

intercellular joining (tight junctions)

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

gap junctions (provide cytoplasmic channels from cell to cell)

desmosomes: fasten cells into tight sheets

47
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

mitochondria created ATP through cellular respiration

cholorplasts create sugar energy through photosynthesis light energy

48
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

lysosomes digest material derived from two other routes: phagocytosis and autophagy

49
Q
A

Bio 2 (16 decks)

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