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Bio 2 > Intro to metabolism > Flashcards

Intro to metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars and other food molecules

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2
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Organisms release energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules they eat (or the sugar they produce in photosynthesis) and use it as fuel

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3
Q

What is potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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4
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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5
Q

what is chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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6
Q

What is the general definition of metabolism

A

it is the totality of an organisms chemical reactions

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7
Q

what is a metabolic pathway

A

it begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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8
Q

What are Catabolic pathways?

A

they release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones

(cellular respiration)

Exergonic process

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9
Q

What are anabolic pathways?

A

They consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

(photosynthesis)

Endergonic

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10
Q

What is the general definition of energy?

A

the capacity to do work or cause change

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11
Q

What is a system and the surroundings?

A

the system is the matter under study and the surroundings is everything outside of that

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12
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can be converted and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed

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13
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

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14
Q

What occurs in a spontaneous process of energy transformation?

A

the more orderly forms are less stable and are converted into a less ordered and more stable form

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15
Q

What is free energy

A

it is a measure of a systems instability and its tendency to flow into a more stable state

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16
Q

When can a spontaneous process occur?

A

When it is moving toward equilibrium

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17
Q

When does free energy decrease?

A

during a spontaneous process

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18
Q

What does it mean when G is positive

A

products have more free energy than reactants

it is non spontaneous

it is endergonic

19
Q

What does it mean when G is negative

A

Products have less free energy

it is spontaneous

it is exergonic

20
Q

whats the difference between endergonic and exergonic

A

endergonic reactions require energy

exergonic reactions release energy

21
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

When the terminal phosphate groups break by hydrolysis

this produces a lower free energy state since the phosphate groups repel eachother and have higher potential energy

22
Q

how does ATP power cellular work?

A

by coupling exergonic (spontaneous) reactions to power endergonic (non-spontaneous) reactions

23
Q

what are the three types of work a cell does?

A

chemical (synthesis of polymers)

transport (pumping of substances across a membrane against its concentration gradient

Mechanical: movement of chromosomes during mitosis, cilia and flagella, contraction of muscles

24
Q

ATP hydrolysis drives

A

endergonic reactions

25
Q

How does ATP drive transport

A

it phosphorylates transport proteins, causing them to change shape that allows transport of solutes

26
Q

how does ATP drive mechanical work?

A

it binds noncovalently to motor proteins and then is hydrolyzed, causing a shape change that walks the motor protein forward

27
Q

How does atp drive chemical work

A

energy coupling using ATP hydrolysis

28
Q

How is ATP regenerated

A

it is regenerated by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP

energy is required for this process and is supplied through catabolic (exergonic) reactions in the cell

29
Q

what is a catalyst

A

it is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by it

30
Q

what does the shape of the enzyme do

A

it stabilizes a temporary association between substrates

31
Q

what is activitation energy

A

it is energy needed to start a chemical reaction

energy must be absorbed before energy is released to form products

32
Q

how is the rate of a reaction affected by activation energy?

A

if the activation energy is larger, the reaction proceeds more slowly

33
Q

what do enzymes do to activation energy?

A

they lower it

34
Q

what are substrates

A

the reactant that the enzyme acts on

35
Q

what is the active site of an enzyme

A

a pocket for substrate binding

36
Q

what is induced fit

A

it occurs when a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

37
Q

what are cofactors

A

they are nonprotein enzyme helpers

they may be inorganic (metal in ionic form)

or organic

38
Q

what are coenzymes

A

organic cofactors (vitamins)

39
Q

what are competitive inhibitors

A

they bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

40
Q

what are noncompetitive inhibitors

A

they bind to another part of an enzyme and cause it to change shape, making the active site less effective

41
Q

what is allosteric regulation

A

it occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a enzyme at one site and affects the proteins function at another site

42
Q

what is the affect of allosteric regulation on enzymes

A

it may inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

43
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

it occurs when the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

it prevents the cell from wasting chemical resources

Bio 2 (16 decks)

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