gene to protein Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the initiator codon for protein synthesis

A

AUG

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2
Q

What is the terminator codon for protein synthesis

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

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3
Q

What is a promoter

A

Start site for transcription

it is a DNA sequence that signals the initiation of RNA synthesis.

The promoter indicates the beginning of a gene

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4
Q

What is the TATA box

A

a conserved sequence in eukaryotic promoters

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5
Q

What are transcription factors:

A

proteins that assist RNA polymerase II with binding the promoter, which initiates the transcription process

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6
Q

What is the transcription initiation complex

A

transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

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7
Q

What are spliceosomes

A

complexes of proteins and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins that recognize the splice sites on the pre-mRNA

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8
Q

What is RNA splicing

A

removes the introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continous coding sequence

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8
Q

What is RNA polymerase II

A

Mediates transcription of mRNA

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9
Q

what is RNA polymerase I/III

A

transcribes other RNA not destined to become proteins

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10
Q

what are the functions of the 5’ cap and poly-A tail

A

facilitate export of mRNA

protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes

help ribosomes attach to the 5’ end

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11
Q

What are exons and introns

A

exons are coding sequences for mRNA, they are joined together, introns are noncoding sequences that are removed through splicing

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12
Q

What is the template strand

A

it is one of the DNA strands that is used to produce a template for the RNA transcript which matches it with complementary base pairs

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13
Q

What are codon specific functions

A

they are the mRNA base triplets that are read in the 5’ to 3’ direction,

each codon specific the amino acid to be placed at the corresponding position along a polypeptide

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14
Q

What are the three stages of transcription

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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15
Q

What is the difference in eukarotes and bacteria in RNA polymerase binding

A

In bacteria the RNA pol binds directly to the promoter

In eukaryotes, transcription factors mediate the bindinf of RNA pol

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16
Q

What is the initiation stage of Transcription

A

Promoter, transcription factors, and the transcription initiation complex

17
Q

One gene codes for

A

one “transcriptional unit” that can be spliced into different mRNAs or “one pre-mRNA”

18
Q

DNA inherited by organisms ______ results in specific traits _______

A

genotype

phenotype

19
Q

Whats the main difference between prokaryotic transcription and eukaryotic

A

in prokaryotes, mRNA produced by transcription is immediately translated without processing

in Eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts are modified through RNA processing prior to translation

20
Q

What is the template strand

A

one of the DNA strands that provides a template for producing the RNA transcript

21
Q

what is the general definition of a codon

A

a block of 3 DNA nucleotides that correspond to an amino acid

22
Q

what is the promoter

A

it defines the start of a gene

23
Q

what are the the template strands

A

the strand read by RNA polymerase to make mRNA

24
Q

what is the terminator

A

it defines the end of a gene

25
Q

what does the TATA box do

A

it is recognized by RNA polymerase as the start site and which strand to use

26
Q

what are the transcription factors

A

proteins that assist RNA polymerase II
with binding the promoter, which initiates transcription in
eukaryotes (for mRNAs).

27
Q

what is the process that must occur before RNA pol II can do its job?

A

transcription factors must bind to DNA prior to RNA pol

then additional transcription factors bind to RNA pol to form the transcription initiation complex

28
Q

what is Transcription initiation complex

A

transcription factors and
RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter.

29
Q

in what direction does RNA pol II add nucleotides

A

5’-3’

30
Q

In bacteria, how does RNA pol II know how to stop?

A

It ends at the terminator sequence

31
Q

In eukaryotes, how does RNA pol II stop?

A

RNA pol II transcribes a polyA sequence (AAUAAA).

Then 10-35 nucleotides later, the proteins release the pre-mRNA

32
Q

Why is Eukaryotic transcription more complicated?

A

Due to chromatine packing

33
Q

How many RNA pol do Eukaryotes have?

A

3

RNA pol I: for transcription of mRNA

RNA I/II: for transcribing other RNA (not for proteins)

34
Q

Do Bacteria mRNA need to be spliced?

A

No, they do not have introns or exons

35
Q

How is RNA splicing carried out?

A

Through spliceosomes

36
Q

what are spliceosomes?

A

complexes of proteins + snRNPS (ribonucleoproteins) that recognize splice sites on pre-mRNA

37
Q

a single primary transcript can be spliced into _______

A

several different mRNAS

38
Q

Because of alternative splicing, the number of different
proteins an organism can produce is ______

A

much greater than its
number of genes.

39
Q

what is Alternate Splicing of Exons

A

Different forms of a protein
from the same gene
sequence.

40
Q
  • RNA polymerase moves along the template strand from which direction?
A

3’-5’, it adds nucleotides to the 3’ OH end

41
Q

Alternative RNA Splicing:

A

Allows production of similar proteins from different primary RNAS