Macromolecules Flashcards
What is the name of the monomer for carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
Monosaccharides serve as:
The major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules
What is a disaccharide
it is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
What is a polysaccharide
It is the polymer of a carbohydrate and their structures and functions are determined by their sugar monomers and glycosidic linkages
What are some examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
what are some examples of disaccharides
lactose, maltose, and sucrose
what are some examples of polysaccharides
starch, gylcogen, cellulose
What are the bonds in the monomers of a carbohydrate
glycosidic linkages
What does a fat consist of
a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids
What is the name of the bond between glycerol and fatty acids
ester linkage
Whats the difference between a saturated fat and unsaturated fat
saturated fats are fatty acids where all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, all hydrogen atoms are maximized
unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tai. This bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
What are the monomers and polymers of a protein
amino acids and polypeptides
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids
nucleotides and polynucleotides
What are nucleotides consisted of?
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
What are the types of bonds between the monomers in nucleic acids
phosphodiester linkages
What is hydrolysis
the process of breaking a polymer into monomers by the addition of water
what is dehydration synthesis
it is the process where two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
What three types of lipids are important to organisms
triacylglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
What are pyrimidines
a nitrogenous base; cytosine, thymine, and uracil
has a single six-membered ring
what are purines
a nitrogenous base; adenine and guanine
they have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
why is the structure of a protein important?
it determines its function and the sequence of amino acids determines that structure
What are nucleotides
the monomers of polynucleotides
what are nucleosides
the side of the nucleotide without the phosphate group
what is the structure of fats, phospholipids, and steroids
fats: 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids: 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate ground “polar head”
steroids: 4 carbon ring
how do phospholipids form a bilayer and why is this important?
Phospholipids form a bilayer when added to water when the nonpolar tails of the chains point towards each other
they are a major component of cell membranes
What are two storage polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen, they store glucose for energy
what are two structural polysaccharides?
cellulose and chitin
