Misc. Flashcards
Name 3 HIV drugs that target reverse transcriptase.
Zidovudine (AZT)
Didanosine (ddl)
Zalcitabine (ddC)
Treponema pallidum:
Is this an intracellular or extracellular parasite?
What shape is it?
Extracellular spirochete
Describe how Neisseria gonorrhea would look under the microscope.
diplococcus
Trichomonas vaginalis:
Is this an intracellular or extracellular parasite?
What sub-category of the Protista kingdom would this be?
Extracellular
Protozoa
Which is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that involves an intracellular parasite of epithelial cells of the urogenital tract?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Diphtheria:
Gram?
Shape?
Mechanism of action?
Gram positive rods (bacilli)
Inhibits 80s ribosome protein synthesis
Can affect heart and nervous system
Legionella:
Gram?
Shape?
Gram negative rods (bacilli)
Pneumococci:
Gram?
Shape?
Gram positive ovoid
Which group of viruses cause warts?
Papovaviruses
What is the DPT vaccine for?
D: diphtheria
P: pertussis (whooping cough)
T: tetanus
Streptococcus:
Gram?
Defining feature of cell envelope?
Positive
Cell wall associated carbohydrate layer (antigenic - produces antibodies useful for diagnosis)
What is the system for identifying different types of streptococci based on the antibody reaction to the cell wall associated carbohydrate layer?
Lancefield system (Rebecca Lancefield)
Streptococcus pyogenes:
Common diseases caused by S. pyrogenes?
What type of hemolytic reaction?
What group of strep?
Acute Pharyngitis, Strep Throat, scarlet fever,
Beta hemolytic
Group A strep
This HIV drug targets the HIV envelope glycoprotein.
GP 120
What type of infection gonorrhea?
Bacterial
What type of infection is trichomoniasis?
Protozoan
What does the VDRL test test for?
Syphilis
What is a typical symptom of primary syphilis?
Secondary syphilis?
Primary: chancre
Secondary: skin rash
What disease is the “Dane particle” associated with?
Hepatitis B
The cocksackle and ECHO viruses are both what kind of virus?
Enterovirus
Which chemotherapeutic agent is helpful in alleviating symptoms of genital herpes?
acyclovir (Zovirax)
Which chemical agent is widely used to disinfect drinking water and is used on spills involving bodily fluids?
Halogens (such as chlorine)
What is the drug zidovudine used to treat?
How does it work?
HIV
Inhibits reverse transcriptase, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of DNA.
Control of Microorganisms A germicidal lamp, commonly used in hospital rooms and the food preparation industry, is effective against microorganisms because it emits what type of radiation?
Non-ionizing ultraviolet light
How are virus particles commonly quantitated in a bacteriophage suspension?
Determining the number of plaques formed.
How does interferon work after a cell has been infected by a virus?
Interferon inhibits the replication of the virus.
Which is the first product of synthesis during replication of a retrovirus?
ssDNA (single strand)
What is the process in which bacteria both generate energy and utilize energy?
amphibolism
What would most likely happen to an organism if it were exposed to a chemical or physical agent that causes a base deletion in the DNA?
A frameshift mutation would occur and the gene would no longer code for a functional protein.
Which specific type of mutation results from a single base pair substitution within a bacterial reading frame causing the MRNA codon, UAC, to be changed to UAG?
nonsense
A nonsense mutation changes a normal codon to a stop codon. UAG stops the synthesis of a protein.
What is the difference between an aerotolerant anaerobe and a facultative anaerobe?
A facultative anaerobe uses O2 if it is present and an aerotolerant anaerobe does not.
Studies of which subject have been most important in providing relevant information about gene linkage and chromosome mapping?
phage transduction
Which molecule contains anticodons?
tRNA
In which energy-producing reaction is pyruvate the primary electron acceptor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) the primary electron donor, and lactate an end product?
fermentation
Which is added to a medium to culture bacteria within the Clostridium genus?
thioglycollate
Clostridium is an anaerobe and thioglycollate absorbs oxygen from the medium.
Which type of hypersensitivity could occur in a patient with agammaglobulinemia?
type IV cell-mediated
In the absence of all immunoglobulins, a type IV or T cell-mediated reaction (such as contact dermatitis) can still occur.
Which phagocytes would predominate in a local inflammatory response?
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are highly phagocytic.
What is vertical transmission?
Vertical transmission is transfer of genes from an organism to its offspring.
In an AIDS test, which substance is used on the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to coat the microtiter wells?
HIV antigens
Which are the major antigen-presenting cells in the primary humoral and cell-mediated immune responses?
macrophages
Which structures contain the nitrogenase produced by the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and legumes?
bacterioids
Which organism is a free-living bacterium that fixes nitrogen?
Azotobacter
Which microbial pathogen causes the majority of foodborne infections in the US?
Campylobacter pylori
What is the role of plasmids in genetic engineering?
R factor plasmids are used in cloning to ensure that all cut pieces of DNA will have the same sticky ends.
Specimens must be sectioned into extremely thin slices and coated with metals for which type of microscopy?
Transmission electron
