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Microbiology > Ch.1-2 > Flashcards

Ch.1-2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Industry producing large quantity of microbes to solve biological problems. i.e. antibiotics, degradation of sewage etc.

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1
Q

Name the 5 medically relevant organisms collectively called microbes:

A

bacteria, fungi, parasites, prions, viruses

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2
Q

Who made the 1st microscope? What is this person called the “father of”?

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
Father of bacteriology
Father of protozoology

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3
Q

What are animalcules?

A

Tiny animals

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4
Q

Who performed the worlds first vaccination? What did he vaccinate against? Approx. what year?

A

Edward Jenner
Smallpox
1790

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5
Q

What are Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis & Sir Joseph Lister famous for?

A

Promoting hand washing and antiseptic treatment during child delivery and surgery, having a remarkable decline in infection and death.

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6
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur?

A

Father of microbiology
Created vaccines for anthrax and rabies
Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

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7
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

The idea that life can come from non-living things

Disproved by Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

What are the Koch Postulates?

A

Set of 4 criteria (developed by Robert Koch in the 1870’s) to establish that an organism is the cause of a disease.

  1. Show that an organism is present in animals infected with a given disease and not present in organisms not infected with that given disease.
  2. Obtain a pure culture of the organism and grow it in the laboratory.
  3. Produce the same symptoms seen in the infected animals by inoculating healthy animals with this isolate.
  4. Isolate the identical microbe from the newly infected animal.
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9
Q

What is “agar”?

A

Gelatin like solidifying agent used in laboratory culture media.

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10
Q

What is the germ theory of disease?

A

The belief that microbes will grow in humans and are the cause of diseases that spread from person to person and town to town.

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11
Q

What is Alexander Fleming known for?

A

Discovering agents that destroy bacteria.
1st, the enzyme lysozyme
2nd, penicillin

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12
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of naming and classifying microbes (and other living things).

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13
Q

What are the 7 levels of organism “taxa” (classification)?

A
  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
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14
Q

What does the binomial naming system always include?

A

Genus & Species

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15
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms:

Who developed the 5 kingdoms?

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Monera (Bacteria)
Prostista

Developed by Robert Whitaker - 1969

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16
Q

What does biovar mean?

What does serovar mean?

A

Both are strain variations:

Biological variant
Serological variant (immunologic variant)
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17
Q

What does prokaryote mean and what does it refer to?

What does eukaryote mean and refer to?

A

Pro=before
Kary=nucleus
Refers to cells with no nucleus (bacteria) as they have no nucleus

Eu=true
Kary=nucleus
Cells with a nucleus - basically everything except bacteria.

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18
Q

What are the 2 domains of bacteria? (higher level than kingdom)

A
  1. Archaea

2. Bacteria

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19
Q

What are organisms called when they have small differences, but are still in the same genus and species?

A

Strains

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20
Q

Approximately how large is an average bacteria?

How many microns in a millimeter?

A

1-4 microns

1000 microns in a millimeter

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21
Q

What is the most widely used stain used in microbiology?

Describe it?

A

Gram stain

Gram stain uses 2 different colors which differentiate gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
Hence, it is called a “differential stain”

22
Q

Name and describe the 2 types of electron microscopy.

A
  1. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
    Electrons pass through the specimen - good for viewing the internal structures of any specimen. Resolves to approximately 0.002 microns
  2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
    Scattered electrons are detected - good for viewing the surface structures. Resolves to approximately 0.02 microns
23
Q

What is a medium?

A

A nutritious extract or mixture of materials that will support microbe growth.

24
Q

What is the most common laboratory medium used today?

A

(TSA) tryptic soy agar
Or
(TSB) tryptic soy broth

25
Q

Explain the difference between polar and non-polar.

A 
Polar molecules (such as water) have a positive and negative side or "pole" such as water, or a magnet.
Non-polar has no charge (oil, lipids)

Most cell walls are made of non-polar lipids keeping most polar molecules out.

26
Q

Name 4 macromolecules:

A
  1. Proteins: composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
  2. Polysaccharides: sugars polymerized into long chains (complex carbs)
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Lipids
27
Q

What are the 2 sub-types of Nucleic acids?

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material of all living cells

RNA - ribonucleic acid: involved in the expression of our genes

28
Q

Define a gene.

A

A defined region of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA with a function in the cell.

29
Q

Define a chromosome.

A

A single piece of double stranded DNA - typically has thousands of genes.

30
Q

What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded

RNA is single stranded

31
Q 
Regarding cell morphology, describe the following terms:
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirochete
Vibrio
A

Coccus: spherical cell
Bacillus: rod shaped cell
Spirochete: helical cell
Vibrio: short spirochetes

32
Q 
Define the following terms in regards to cells:
Mono
Diplo
Tetra
Strepto
Staphylo
A

Mono - single cell
Diplo - 2 linked cells
Tetra - 4 linked cells in a square formation
Strepto - chains of cells
Staphylo - clusters of cells (like clusters of grapes)

33
Q

Since bacteria have no nucleus, where is the DNA located?

A

Free floating in the cytoplasm.

34
Q

What is a “plasmid”

A

A small piece of DNA, usually only carrying a few genes.

35
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

A cell organelle, ribosomes are an enzyme that performs DNA translation.

36
Q

Describe a common difference between the cell wall of eukaryotic cells and bacterial cells.

A

A eukaryotic outer cell wall is typically called the “cytoplasmic membrane”, and is made of lipids. Bacteria typically have an additional outer layer or “cell wall” made from peptidoglycan (cellulose type material). It helps prevent lysis if the cell is to become damaged.

  • *additionally, bacteria sometimes contain a 3rd membrane that is very porous and sometimes a very outer “capsule” sometimes called a “glycocalyx”.
  • *bacteria vary greatly in how many layers they have and are collectively called the “cell envelope”
37
Q

There are 3 parts of a bacterial flagellum. Name the 3 parts based on the description below:

  1. The anchoring part within the cell wall
  2. The pivoting part that connects to the anchor
  3. The long helical part
A
  1. Basal body
  2. Hook
  3. Filament
38
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

When the bacterium is moving toward or away from chemicals (moving in a chemical gradient)

  • positive chemotaxis - attracted to a chemical
  • negative chemotaxis - repulsion to a chemical
39
Q

Some bacteria have smaller, hairlike appendages (independent of flagella). Name the 2 types.

Which is longer and more rigid?

Which is typically more numerous?

A

Pili & Fimbriae

Longer, more rigid: Pili

More numerous: Fimbriae

40
Q

Where would you find “peptidoglycan” and describe it’s structure.

A

Peptidoglycan could be found in the cell wall of bacteria, around the cytoplasmic membrane. It is made of a polysaccharide called glycan forming a fishnet type structure, adding strength to the cell wall.

41
Q

Name 2 biologically active items that destroy the bacterial cell wall.

A

Penicillin

Lysozyme

42
Q

What structural component is unique to gram negative bacteria?

A

An additional (3rd layer) outer membrane

43
Q

What chemical is unique to the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

44
Q

Describe the difference between the peptidoglycan layer of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

A

Gram negative - single or very few layers of peptidoglycan

Gram positive - many layers

45
Q

List the 4 steps of gram staining.

A
  1. Primary stain - crystal violet
  2. Grams iodine to “fix” the crystal violet so it aggregates
  3. Wash aggregates with acetone alcohol
  4. Counter stain with safranin so gram negative bacteria are identifiable
46
Q

Why do some bacteria harbor “inclusions” or “granules”?

What are they composed of?

A

They provide an energy source

Polysaccharides or polyphosphates

47
Q

What are the most environmentally stable of all known life forms? What “genera” produce them?

A

Spores

Genera producing spores include gram positive Clostridium and Baccilus.

48
Q

List the primary function of the 3 bacterial appendages:

  1. Flagella
  2. Pili
  3. Fimbriae
A
  1. Flagella - motility
  2. Pili - gene transfer
  3. Fimbriae - attachment
49
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

Positive phototaxis - attraction to light

Negative phototaxis - repulsion to light

50
Q

Define “trichous”

A

Hair or hair like part

51
Q

Gram negative bacteria have an additional membrane that gram positive bacteria do not. What is this 3rd layer composed of?

A

LPS

lipopolysaccharide

52
Q

Gram negative bacteria have an additional membrane that gram positive bacteria do not. What is this 3rd layer composed of?

A

LPS

lipopolysaccharide

Microbiology (9 decks)

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